IMPLEMENTASI JARINGAN SYARAF TIRUAN (JST) DAN PENGOLAHAN CITRA UNTUK KlASIFIKASI  KEMATANGAN TBS KELAPA SAWIT

The clasification of ripeness stages of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) can be done using color parameters. These parameters are often evaluated by human vision, whose degree of accuracy is subjective which can cause doubt in judgement. Automatic clasifications offreshfruit bunches (FFBs) based on color parameters can be done using computer vision. This method is known as a nondestructive, fast and cost effective method. In this research, a MATLAB computer program has been developed which consists of RGB and HSV GUI which is used to record, display, and process FFB image data. The backpropagation artificial neural network (ANN) program is also developed which is used to classify the oil palm fruit fresh bunches (FFBs). Samples are fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of oil palm varieties of Tenera which comprise of Topaz, Marihat, and Lonsum clones. Each clone composed of three levels of ripeness represented by five fractions. The measurements were started by capturing images of oil palm, extracting RGB and HSV values, calculating weight values from the image database to make anANN program, preparing grid programs for oil palm FFBs, and comparing grading levels of oil palm FFBs using program and by harvester. This program successfully classified oil palm (FFBs) into three categories of ripeness which are unripe (F0 and F1), ripe (F1 and F1) and over ripe (F4 and F5). The RGB and HSV programs successfully classified 79 out of 216 FFBs or 36.57% and 106 out of 216 TBS or 49.07%. Respectively the HSV program is better than RGB program because the representation of HSV color space are more understood by human perception hence can be used in calibration and color comparison.

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Technical and economic assessment of two harvesting tools for young Elaeis oleifera x E. guineensis oil palms

Agronomía Colombiana ◽

10.15446/agron.colomb.v38n3.85303 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 418-428

Author(s):

Elizabeth Ruiz Alvarez ◽

Jhon Banguera ◽

Wilson Pérez Toro ◽

Juan Hernández Hernández ◽

Javier Arévalo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Cutting Tools ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Economic Assessment ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Elaeis Oleifera ◽

Time And Motion ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches

The harvest of oil palm fruit bunches represents 25% of the total cost of production of one metric ton of fresh fruit bunches (FFB), and nine-tenths of the costs of this process (i.e., harvest) are labor costs. This study was undertaken to analyze and compare the labor productivity and harvesting costs of young oil palm trees of the species Elaeis oleifera x E. guineensis (OxG) using two different cutting tools. The first tool was a chisel, and the second was a mechanized oil palm cutter. From a methodological perspective, we conducted a time and motion study. The results show that the average number of palms harvested by a worker using a chisel was 320 per workday (on average 291 fresh fruit bunches were cut per workday). A worker using a mechanized oil palm cutter (MOPC) harvested 546 palms per workday (on average 551 fresh fruit bunches were cut per workday). Finally, the cost per ton of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) harvested decreased by 15% following the MOPC; in other words, the implementation of this novel technology is cost-effective.

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Ripeness Level Classification of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunch Using Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging

Journal of Aceh Physics Society ◽

10.24815/jacps.v8i3.14139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 84-89

Author(s):

Hefniati Ishak ◽

Minarni Shiddiq ◽

Ramma Hayu Fitra ◽

Nadia Zakyyah Yasmin

Keyword(s):

Fluorescence Imaging ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Laser Light ◽

Laser Induced Fluorescence ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Human Vision ◽

Imaging Method ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches

Tingkat Kematangan Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) kelapa Sawit merupakan faktor penentu kualitas crude palm oil (CPO) yang dihasilkan pabrik kelapa sawit. Metode penyortiran TBS setelah panen atau sebelum memasuki proses perebusan pada umumnya dilakukan secara manual mengandalkan penglihatan dan pengalaman. Metode ini rentan kesalahan dan bersifat subyektif. Metode pencitraan berkembang sangat cepat karena kemajuan dalam bidang komputer dan teknik pengolahan citra, khususnya untuk sistem sortasi dan grading. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode pencitraan fluoresensi yang diinduksi laser untuk mengakses dan mengklasifikasi tingkat kematangan TBS kelapa sawit. Hubungan antara tingkat keabuan dan tingkat kekerasan buah TBS dianalisa. Sampel terdiri dari 27 TBS kelapa sawit varietas Tenera. Tingkat kematangan dikategorikan oleh pemanen berpengalaman menjadi mentah, matang, dan lewat matang. Tiga bagian TBS yaitu pangkal, tengah, dan ujung disinari laser dioda 640 nm mengenai 5 buah pada tiap bagian. Kemudian citra direkam mengunakan kamera CMOS monokrom. Selanjutnya 15 buah tersebut diuji tingkat kekerasan mengunakan penetrometer. Klasifikasi tingkat kematangan dilakukan mengunakan K-mean clustering. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa metode pencitraan fluoresensi yang diinduksi laser potensial digunakan dalam mengklasifikasi tingkat kematangan TBS. Tingkat kekerasan buah berkorelasi positif terhadap tingkat keabuan citra TBS. K-mean clustering memperlihatkan tiga kelompok tingkat kematangan yang terdiri dari 0, 1 dan 2. Ripeness levels of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are the main factor to determine the quality of crude palm oil (CPO) produced by Oil Palm Mill. Sorting oil palm FFB after harvest or before entering the boiling process is generally done manually which relies on human vision and experience. Imaging methods has developed vastly due to advances in computer and image processing techniques. This study used a laser-induced fluorescence imaging to access and classify the ripeness levels of oil palm FFB of Tenera variety. The relationship between gray value and the level of firmness of FFB fruit was analyzed. The samples consisted of 27 oil palm FFB categorized by experienced harvester as unripe, ripe, and overripe. Laser light was shone on equatorial part of each FFB such that 5 fruitlets were covered by laser light, then the image of the front part was acquire using a monochrome CMOS camera. The step was repeated for basil and apical parts in sequent. All 15 fruitlets were testing for the firmness level using a penetrometer. Ripeness level classification was done using K-mean clustering. The results showed that the laser-induced fluorescence imaging method are potential to be used to determine the ripeness levels of FFB. The fruit firmness is positively correlated with the gray value of the image of FFB. K-mean clustering shows three ripeness centroid of 0, 1 and 2 . Keyword: Fluorecence Imaging, Oil Palm, Fresh Fruit Bunches, Firmness, Laser Induced Fluorecence

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STUDY OF THE UTILIZATION OF PALM OIL INDUSTRY LIQUID WASTE

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v10i1.10146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

An Nisa Fitria ◽

Vandhie Satyawira Gunawan ◽

Mardiah Mardiah

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Economic Value ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Added Value ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches ◽

Plantation Crops

Palm oil is one of the plantation crops that have high economic value and is growing rapidly. The wider the area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia, the more palm oil mills will process palm fresh fruit marks and produce waste from processed palm oil, namely solid waste and liquid waste. Each tonne of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) processed at the plant will potentially leave waste of about 23% empty palm oil, 4% wet decanter solid, 6.5% shell, 13% fiber, and 50% liquid waste. This review will discuss the utilization of palm oil mill liquid waste (LCPKS) which is organic material that still contains many benefits such as nutrients, therefore the application of liquid waste is an effort to recycle some of the nutrients (recycling nutrients) which is followed by harvesting fresh fruit bunches (FFB) from oil palm so that it will reduce the cost of fertilization which is classified as very high for oil palm cultivation. During the processing of oil palm fruit into palm oil in the palm oil industry, the remaining process is obtained in the form of liquid waste. If done properly, the liquid waste of the palm oil industry is considerable potential and can increase the added value of waste itself.Keywords: liquid waste industry, palm oil, utilization

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Classification of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) Using Raman Spectroscopy

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i4.11.20798 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4.11) ◽

pp. 184

Author(s):

S. A.M. Dan ◽

F. H. Hashim ◽

T. Raj ◽

A. B. Huddin ◽

A. Hussain

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Raman Shift ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

Extraction Model

The current practice in determining oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) ripeness is by its colour which could be inaccurate. This study investigates the classification of oil palm FFB ripeness using Raman spectroscopy. A feature extraction model is developed based on the different organic compositions that contribute to the ripeness classification. Samples are collected according to the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) standards which are unripe, underripe, ripe, overripe, and rotten. Different characteristics of the Raman shift were detected which represent the material composition for each sample. The Raman intensity of the oil palm fruit increases from unripe to ripe before decreasing to rotten due to the carotenoid content in the fruit. In conclusion, Raman spectroscopy is a suitable technique to observe the changes in the composition of oil palm fruit classified by its ripeness.

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Ripeness Classification of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunch Using an Optical Probe

Journal of Aceh Physics Society ◽

10.24815/jacps.v8i3.14122 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 72-77

Author(s):

Nurmaya Sari ◽

Minarni Shiddiq ◽

Ramma Hayu Fitra ◽

Nadia Zakyyah Yasmin

Keyword(s):

Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Optical Probe ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Human Vision ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches ◽

Agriculture Products

Penggunaan spektroskopi fluoresensi yang nondestruktif bidang pertanian semakin intensif dilakukan khususnya untuk evaluasi produk pertanian. Sortasi dan grading Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) Kelapa Sawit sebelum memasuki proses produksi Crude Palm Oil sangat penting untuk memenuhi standar produksi dan ekspor. Sistem sortasi dan grading elektronik dibutuhkan untuk mengantikan metode sortasi manual mengandalkan penglihatan dan pengalaman. Pada penelitian ini probe optik yang terdiri dari laser dioda 640 nm dan dua fotodioda inframerah dalam konfigurasi triangulasi digunakan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat kematangan TBS kelapa sawit dan hubungannya dengan kekerasan buah dan tegangan fotodioda. Sampel terdiri dari 23 TBS Tenera. Buah kelapa sawit pada setiap TBS disinari laser pada tiga bagian yaitu pangkal, tengah dan ujung, setiap bagian terdiri dari tiga buah kelapa sawit. Tegangan keluaran dari kedua fotodioda dijumlahkan dan diperkuat oleh rangkaian multiboard komersial. Setelah tegangan diperoleh, ke-9 buah kelapa sawit dilepaskan dari TBS, tingkat kekerasan buah diukur mengunakan penetrometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kematangan TBS mempunyai korelasi linier terhadap kekerasan buah dengan kekerasan yang tertinggi pada buah mentah sebesar 9,39 kg/cm2 dan terendah pada buah terlalu matang sebesar 5,64 kg/cm2. Nilai tegangan rata-rata terkecil pada buah mentah dan tertinggi pada buah matang kemudian turun pada buah lewat matang. Hasil K-means clustering menunjukkan pengelompokan 4 tingkat kematangan berdasarkan nilai kekerasan dan tegangan yaitu F0, F1, F2, dan F3. Applications of nondestructive fluorescence spectroscopy in agriculture have been intensively carried out especially to evaluate agriculture products. Sorting and grading oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) before Crude Palm Oil milling processes are important tasks to meet the production and export standards. Electronic systems for sorting and grading of FFBs are needed to replace manual sorting method which depends on human vision and experience. In this study, an optical probe consisted of a 635 nm diode laser and two photodiodes was used to evaluate the ripeness level of oil palm FFB and its relation to both the fruitlet firmness and resulted photodiode voltages. Laser was directed to each of nine fruitlets of each FFB from three parts; basil, equatorial, and apical. Output voltages from each photodiode were summed and amplified by a commercially multi-board circuit. Then their firmness levels were obtained using a penetrometer. The results show that there is a linear correlation between the firmness levels and the FFB ripeness levels. The firmness values ranges from 9.39 kg/cm2 for unripe FFB and 5.64 kg/cm2 for overripe FFB. The highest voltage is obtained for ripe FFB and less for unripe and overripe FFB. K-means clustering results indicate that the overall ripeness levels are grouped into 4 levels of ripeness, namely F0, F1, F2 and F3 based on the values of hardness and the voltage of each sample. Keywords: Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Oil Palm, Fresh Fruit Bunch, Firmness, Optical Probe

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Potential Content of Palm Oil at Various Levels of Loose Fruit in Oil Palm Circle

Jurnal Agro Industri Perkebunan ◽

10.25181/jaip.v9i2.2161 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 91-98

Author(s):

Fitrah Murgianto ◽

Edyson Edyson ◽

Adhy Ardiyanto ◽

Shadiar Kesuma Putra ◽

Lilik Prabowo

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Oil Content ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Ripe Fruit ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches ◽

Potential Content ◽

Important Activity

Harvesting fresh fruit bunches (FFB) is an important activity in the oil palm plantation industry. This study aimed to analyze the potential content of palm oil at the level of loose fruit that falls on the oil palm circle. Observations were made on five fresh fruit bunches with criteria 1, 3, and 5 respectively loose fruit per bunch that falls on the oil palm circle from oil palm trees that were 22, 16, 12, and 7 years old. All sample fresh fruit bunches were analyzed for potential oil to bunch and oil to wet mesocarp in the analytical laboratory of Bumitama Gunajaya Agro. Content of oil to wet mesocarp in loose fruit 1, 3, and 5 were 48,50 % b, 51,98 % a, and 53,21 % a respectively. While the content of oil to bunch in loose fruit 1, 3, and 5 were 24,19 % a, 25,52 % a, and 25,71 % a respectively. The highest potential for oil content occurs in ripe palm fruit with a level of loose fruit 5 grains per bunch that falls on that oil palm circle. Five grains per bunch on the oil palm circle can be used as an indicator for harvesters to harvest ripe fruit with optimal oil content.

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ANALISIS TATANIAGA TANDAN BUAH SEGAR KELAPA SAWIT DI DESA TEMPAKAN KECAMATAN BATU ENGAU KABUPATEN PASER (Marketing Analysis of Fresh Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm in Tempakan Village, Batu Engau Subregency, Paser Regency)

JURNAL AGRIBISNIS DAN KOMUNIKASI PERTANIAN (Journal of Agribusiness and Agricultural Communication) ◽

10.35941/jakp.2.2.2019.2686.113-120 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

SIMON SUTRADO SIMANJUNTAK ◽

ACHMAD ZAINI

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Marketing Channel ◽

Marketing Channels ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Level Zero ◽

Average Share ◽

Marketing Analysis ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches

The purposes of this study were to know marketing channel, marketing margin, share, and marketing profit of fresh fruit bunches of oil palm in Tempakan Village, Batu Engau Subregency, Paser Regency. The study was conducted from June to August 2016. The sampling method was done with two ways as random sampling in farmer level and in marketing channel as snowball sampling. Data analysis were done by calculating marketing margin, share, and marketing profit. The results of this study showed that there are two marketing channels in reserach location are channel of level zero and channel of level one. Marketing margin in farmer level was Rp40.39 kg-1 and margin in whole trader level was Rp314.44 kg-1. The average share of farmer level was 97.58% and in trader level was 81.48%. Margin and share that profitable for farmer is at channel of level zero. The average of profit in whole trader level of fresh fruit bunches was 112.75%, that meant marketing by whole trader is profitable.

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Tauke and Emotional Network Model in Oil Palm Marketing: Getting Fresh Fruit from Smallholders in Indonesia

Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University ◽

10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.4.66 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Rizabuana Ismail ◽

Slamet Haryono ◽

Ira Maya Sofa Harahap ◽

Ria Manurung

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Marketing Channel ◽

Marketing Channels ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Network Marketing ◽

Marketing Model ◽

Marketing Models ◽

Cash Payment ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches ◽

Depth Interviews

This article describes how fresh fruit bunches grown by oil palm smallholders are incorporated into oil palm marketing models in Indonesia. This emotional network marketing model is a supplementary model of marketing models in Malaysia which is called factory centered and middleman model. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The data was collected by conducted in-depth interviews with 28 informants coming from 4 (four) categories of oil palm smallholders: oil palm tauke (middleman) that included big tauke and small tauke, workers in the loading ramps, and workers in the oil palm factories who were involved in oil palm marketing channels. The result of the research showed that the oil palm marketing channel between smallholders and either small tauke and big tauke was based on an emotional network with a strong bond of friendship, brotherhood, dwelling location, cash payment, giving loan with reasonable requirements, and providing transportation for fresh fruit bunches. In contrast, oil palm marketing channel among smallholders, loading ramp buyers, and POF was based on regulations. This writing presented a different perspective of oil palm marketing channels in general by involving the emotional network of the existing actors for getting fresh fruit bunches and the advantages of oil palm marketing. In this marketing model, there is a longer marketing channel and actors with their varied roles.

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