scholarly journals A cost analysis to address issues of budget constraints on the implementation of the indoor residual spray programme in two districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neide Canana
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Provider Perspective ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background It is frequently said that funding is essential to ensure optimal results from a malaria intervention control. However, in recent years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of indoor residual spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Official Development Assistance. The purpose of the study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization in two districts of Maputo Province (Matutuíne and Namaacha) in Mozambique. The evidence produced in this study intends to provide decision-makers with insight into where they need to pay close attention in future planning in order to operationalize IRS with the existent budget in the actual context of budget restrictions. Methods Cost information was collected retrospectively from the provider perspective, and both economic and financial costs were calculated. A “one-way” deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results The average economic costs totaled US$117,351.34, with an average economic cost per household sprayed of US$16.35, and an average economic cost per person protected of US$4.09. The average financial cost totaled US$69,174.83, with an average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected of US$9.84 and US$2.46, respectively. Vehicle, salary, and insecticide costs were the greatest contributors to overall cost in the economic and financial analysis, corresponding to 52%, 17%, and 13% in the economic analysis and 21%, 27%, and 22% in the financial analysis, respectively. The sensitivity analysis was adapted to a range of ± (above and under) 25% change. There was an approximate change of 14% in the average economic cost when vehicle costs were decreased by 25%. In the financial analysis, the average financial cost was lowered by 7% when salary costs were decreased by 25%. Conclusions Altogether, the current cost analysis provides an impetus for the consideration of targeted IRS operationalization within the available governmental budget, by using locally-available human resources as spray operators to decrease costs and having IRS rounds be correctly timed to coincide with the build-up of vector populations.

scholarly journals A cost analysis to address issues of budget constraints on the implementation of the indoor residual spray programme in two districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neide Canana
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Provider Perspective ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background It is frequently said that funding is essential to ensure optimal results from a malaria intervention control. However, in recent years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Official Development Assistance. The purpose of the study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization in two districts of Maputo Province (Matutuíne and Namaacha) in Mozambique. The evidence produced in this study intends to provide decision-makers with insight into where they need to pay close attention in future planning in order to operationalize IRS with the existent budget in the actual context of budget restrictions. Methods Cost information was collected retrospectively from the provider perspective, and both economic and financial costs were calculated. A “one-way” deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results The average economic costs totaled US$117,351.34, with an average economic cost per household sprayed of US$16.35, and an average economic cost per person protected of US$4.09. The average financial cost totaled US$69,174.83, with an average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected of US$9.84 and US$2.46, respectively. Vehicle, salary, and insecticide costs were the greatest contributors to overall cost in the economic and financial analysis, corresponding to 52%, 17%, and 13% in the economic analysis and 21%, 27%, and 22% in the financial analysis, respectively. The sensitivity analysis was adapted to a range of ± (above and under) 25% change. There was an approximate change of 14% in the average economic cost when vehicle costs were decreased by 25%. In the financial analysis, the average financial cost was lowered by 7% when salary costs were decreased by 25%. Conclusion Altogether, the current cost analysis provides an impetus for the consideration of targeted IRS operationalization within the available governmental budget, by using locally-available human resources as spray operators to decrease costs and having IRS rounds be correctly timed to coincide with the build-up of vector populations.

scholarly journals A Cost Analysis to Address Issues of Budget Constraints on the Implementation of the Indoor Residual Spray Program in Two Districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neide Canana
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background : Over the past few years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Official Development Assistance (ODA), an external aid scheme of financing from the Mozambican government budget. Objectives: The objective of the study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization in two districts of Maputo Province (Matutuíne and Namaacha) in Mozambique, in 2014. Methods: The cost analysis followed an “ingredients based” approach from the provider perspective. The cost information was collected retrospectively, and both economic and financial costs were calculated. Results were tested using a “one-way” deterministic sensitivity analysis. Results : From the economic analysis, Matutuíne and Namaacha on average totaled an annual economic cost of US$117,351.34, with an average economic cost per household sprayed of US$16.35, and an average economic cost per person protected of US$4.09. In the financial analysis, both districts faced an average total annual financial cost of US$69,174.83, an average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected of US$9.84 and US$2.46, respectively. Our findings indicate that vehicles, personnel salaries, and IRS consumables were components with a substantial cost for IRS operationalization. Conclusions : For our results, with resource constraints, it is important to focus on operationalizing IRS within the available budget by respecting the right timing for scheduled IRS spraying rounds and by paying attention to cost drivers in order to reduce the costs.

scholarly journals Optimization and Economic Analysis for Small-Scale Movable LNG Liquefaction Process with Leakage Considerations

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5391
Author(s):  
Sang Hyun Lee ◽  
Dong-Ha Lim ◽  
Kyungtae Park
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Product Cost ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Liquefaction Process ◽  
Lng Liquefaction ◽  
The Cost

In this study, exergy and economic analysis were conducted to gain insight on small-scale movable LNG liquefaction considering leakage. Optimization and comparison were performed to demonstrate the quantitative results of single mixed refrigerant, dual nitrogen expansion, and the propane pre-cooling self-refrigeration processes. For the optimization, exergy efficiency was used as the objective function; the results showed that exergy efficiencies are 38.85%, 19.96%, and 13.65%, for single mixed refrigerant, dual nitrogen expansion, and propane pre-cooling self-refrigeration, respectively. Further, the cost analysis showed that the product cost of each process is 4002.3 USD/tpa, 5490.2 USD/tpa, and 9608.5 USD/tpa. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine parameters that affect exergy and cost. The SMR process is the most competitive in terms of exergy efficiency, product cost, and operability, without considering makeup facilities.

scholarly journals Breaking-Down and Parameterising Wave Energy Converter Costs Using the CapEx and Similitude Methods

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 902
Author(s):  
Ophelie Choupin ◽  
Michael Henriksen ◽  
Amir Etemad-Shahidi ◽  
Rodger Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Wave Energy Converters ◽  
Cost Scaling ◽  
The Cost

Wave energy converters (WECs) can play a significant role in the transition towards a more renewable-based energy mix as stable and unlimited energy resources. Financial analysis of these projects requires WECs cost and WEC capital expenditure (CapEx) information. However, (i) cost information is often limited due to confidentiality and (ii) the wave energy field lacks flexible methods for cost breakdown and parameterisation, whereas they are needed for rapid and optimised WEC configuration and worldwide site pairing. This study takes advantage of the information provided by Wavepiston to compare different costing methods. The work assesses the Froude-Law-similarities-based “Similitude method” for cost-scaling and introduces the more flexible and generic “CapEx method” divided into three steps: (1) distinguishing WEC’s elements from the wave energy farm (WEF)’s; (2) defining the parameters characterising the WECs, WEFs, and site locations; and (3) estimating elements that affect WEC and WEF elements’ cost and translate them into factors using the parameters defined in step (2). After validation from Wavepiston manual estimations, the CapEx method showed that the factors could represent up to 30% of the cost. The Similitude method provided slight cost-overestimations compared to the CapEx method for low WEC up-scaling, increasing exponentially with the scaling.

scholarly journals Calculation of Unit Cost School Information System Development using ABC (Activity Based Costing) Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 307-313
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fahson Hakim ◽  
Ahmad Sirojun Nuha ◽  
Widya Aini Lathifah ◽  
M. Ainul Yaqin
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

In developing an information system the school must determine a strategy in its development. Look for managers who are reliable in making decisions that are oriented to reliable development. One of the proper management concepts is cost accuracy. Accuracy of charging costs on cost objects is very important for users of cost information. Beside the accuracy, it is also needed to find out the cost per unit needed in the information system. This is intended to have a price benchmark for the development of information systems in the future. In this study the unit cost calculation uses the ABC (Activity Based Costing) method which emphasizes the cost calculation for the activities involved. The allocation of costs is based on salary data from trusted institutions, namely the Pedoman Standard Minimal 2019 by INKINDO. The results of this study get a total cost value of 18.407.082,00while the cost of each complexity is 5,301.00 with the standard cost of procurement of goods and services issued by the government and several survey institutions.

scholarly journals Farmer Perceptions and Preferences to Shallot Farming Technology Introduction in Grobogan District, Central Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Dewi Sahara ◽  
Aryana Citra Kusumasari ◽  
Agus Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Farmer Perceptions ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Technology Introduction ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

Farmers commonly use seed bulbs in shallot farming. Therefore it is required to conduct a demonstration plot to promote the technology of true shallot sheet (TSS). The study aims to determine the performance of the newly seedling technique and determine the perceptions and preferences of farmers towards shallot farming, in Padang Village, Tanggungharjo Sub- District, Grobogan District, in September - November 2018. The study used a demonstration plot of shallot farming using seedling and survey methods to the 30 shallots farmers. Financial analysis (BCR and MBCR) was used to determine the performance of shallot farming, while farmers' perceptions and preferences were analyzed descriptively with scoring techniques. The results showed that even though the cost of shallot farming using seedling was higher, it resulted in higher production (BCR 2.76 vs 0.25). The TSS using as planting material against bulbs was also beneficial since the MBCR value was 5.64, implying that the seedling technique was more profitable than seed bulbs using. With these significant results, farmers stated a high perception of shallot farming using seedling, indicated a high level of preference, which is 73.33 - 93.33%. Based on these results, the government should widely disseminate the TSS to shallot farmers.

scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Insecticide Spraying For Malaria Control In A Terai District Of Eastern Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Pramod Singh GC ◽  
P K Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Disease Control Program ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
The Cost

Background: Malaria is one of the public health problems in Nepal. It is estimated that 25% of population of Nepal are infected by malaria at any time. Malaria control program was first initiated in 1954 with support of USAID through the Insect Born Disease Control Program. This program was changed into Malaria Eradication Program in 1958. The program was reverted to control program in 1978.Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of insecticide spraying from the provider’s perspective in a Terai district of eastern Nepal.Methods: Morang District of eastern Terai was purposively selected. A pre-tested interview was used to collect data from program managers and government officers in the Malaria Control Program. The main categories of variables were manpower, insecticide, pump and others.Results: The cost for indoor residual spraying per person protected was calculated as Rs.24.70 (US$0.31). This cost was for one cycle and there were two cycles in a year. So the cost per year was Rs.49.40 (US$0.62). The cost per household was calculated as Rs. 129.56 (US$1.65) per cycle and Rs.259.12 and US$3.30 per year for residual spraying.Conclusion: In this cost analysis of indoor residual spraying, the cost per household per year was found Rs. 259.12 and US$3.30. The cost calculated per person protected per year was Rs. 49.40 and US$0.62. This analysis would be more complete if a comparative study of both costs and effectiveness of various vector control measures are undertaken in Nepal.Health Renaissance 2014;12(3): 175-179

scholarly journals ANALISIS KELAYAKAN INVESTASI KAPAL KHUSUS ANGKUTAN TERNAK DI INDONESIA SKENARIO RUTE CELUKAN BAWANG-TANJUNG PRIOK-CIREBON

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Titik Triary Wijaksani ◽  
Rita Nurmalina ◽  
Burhanuddin Burhanuddin
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Shadow Price ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cost And Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cattle Distribution

Government had made the first livestock vessel investment in Indonesia, namely KM Camara Nusantara I (KM CN I) which was operationalizing since 2016. The livestock vessel supported beef cattle distribution from East Nusa Tenggara Province (NTT) to DKI Jakarta Province by route Tenau-Waingapu-Tanjung Priok-Cirebon. In addition the government makes another new 5 livestock vessels investment which is one of them planned for beef cattle distribution from Bali Province by Celukan Bawang Port to DKI Jakarta Province by Tanjung Priok Port. Livestock vessel investment required high cost up to Rp 58 billion per unit. Moreover the operational of KM CN I still subsidized by the government.  Therefore the objective of this study is to analyze livestock vessel investment by route scenario Celukan Bawang-Tanjung Priok-Cirebon on nonfinancial aspect, financial, economic and sensitivity analyses. Nonfinancial aspect analysis used descriptive method. Financial and economic analyses used Cost and Benefit Analysis (CBA), with shadow price for economic analysis. Sensitivity analysis used switching value method. Nonfinancial aspect analysis indicated the investment feasible. Financial analysis for livestock vessel return scenario to Celukan Bawang Port without cargo and carrying feed cargo are not feasible (NPV<0). Economic analysis for return scenario without cargo is not feasible (NPV<0), meanwhile for return scenario by carrying feed cargo is feasible (NPV>0, B/C Ratio>1, IRR 5.70% higher than discount rate, and Payback Period 13.84 years). Sensitivity analysis indicated the investment is feasible by minimum increase in the price of ticket fare 534.56% for return scenario without cargo and 410.12% by carrying feed cargo.

scholarly journals Le rendement des obligations provinciales et l’incertitude politique : une analyse de séries chronologiques

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Montmarquette ◽  
Claude Dallaire
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Government Bonds ◽  
Additional Payments ◽  
The Government ◽  
Parti Quebecois

Abstract In this text, we apply time series techniques (Box-Tiao) to isolate the influence of the Parti québécois' electoral win of November 1976 on the financial and economic costs of the Québec government borrowings. For long term bonds issue between November 1976 and February 1979, we estimated at 32.49 millions of $ at 1979 present value or 1.22% of the total amount borrowed, the supplementary financial cost. In terms of additional payments to non-Québécois holding Québec government bonds, this associated economic cost has been evaluated at 11.21 millions of $ at 1979 present value, representing .42% of total borrowings. These costs may vary with respect to inflation and exchange rates and it must be emphasized that they are based on the evolution of yield differentials between Québec and Ontario government bonds and not on their direct yields to maturity. In that respect, these supplementary costs are only relative to the situation of Ontario and it is not impossible that the Parti québécois' électoral win have displaced the lenders portfolios of Canadian provincial bonds to the benefit of the government of Ontario. Finally, approximately two years and half following the pequist victory, the financial markets have retrieved to their former structure.

scholarly journals The cost of violence: Assessing the economic cost of gender-based violence in Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Spence
Keyword(s):  
Financial Burden ◽  
National Level ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Minimum Costs

Abstract Background Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is a health and legal issue of international concern. In 2006, the Rwandan Government passed new laws to address this issue. However, Rwanda still has a high prevalence of gender based violence in communities at a rate of around 35%. This poster explores the economic cost of Gender-Based Violence in Rwanda. It seeks to: (1) define and describe GBV in Rwanda and comment on the state of the economy; (2) examine the literature on existing studies of the cost of GBV with a focus on common methodologies used; and (3) calculate the minimum costs associated with GBV in Rwanda. Methods Existing data was reviewed to look at the definition of GBV with regard to law and policy. This included identifying the common causes of GBV in Rwanda as well as looking at the nature and prevalence. An examination of the current state of the Rwandan Economy was undertaken in order to identify the areas whereupon GBV could cause disruption. Subsequently, a narrative literature review was conducted which examined the common methodologies used in cost analyses of GBV across the globe. Lastly a basic costing exercise was performed which determined the minimum costs associated with GBV in Rwanda using government data and NGO reports. Results The results showed that GBV makes up a small percentage of GDP in Rwanda at 0.003%. Victim costs were measured at $10,355,812.97, whilst government costs were found to be $13,082,542.07 and civil society costs incurred amounted to $4,684,428.00. Conclusions Overall this study reveals that just taking basic costs into consideration, GBV imposes a significant financial burden on the country. In particular, it highlighted the burden felt by the government providing public services such as healthcare and legal services. Therefore it is likely there is an overconsumption of scarce resources by GBV cases, which will likely lead to economic strain at both a local and national level. Key messages Gender-based violence costs make up a small but recognisable percentage of GDP in Rwanda. More investment in preventative strategy is needed to reduce both the prevalence of GBV and the cost to the local and national economy.

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