scholarly journals Energy Security Assessment of Nepal for the Period 2005-2030

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 199-211
Author(s):  
Shova Darlamee ◽  
Tri Ratna Bajracharya
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Security Assessment ◽  
Security Index

Energy is an important driver of all economic activities and it is necessary for the production of goods and the provision of services. Thus, a secure supply of energy to meet national demand on both the short term and long term is important for any country. As a net importer of petroleum products from only one supplier country of petroleum products (i.e. India), supply and demand gap of energy, frequent price fluctuations of petroleum products and poor diversification of primary energy supply, policies regarding energy security should be developed for Nepal.  This study aims to assess the energy security index of Nepal so as to provide a picture of the historical performance of the country in terms of energy security for the past years 2005-2015 and in the future 2016-2030 under different scenarios. A set of 24 energy security indicators were selected based on literature review and relevant to national energy policies and grouped under 5 dimensions which are availability, affordability, accessibility, efficiency and acceptability. It can be seen that energy security for Nepal has been following a declining trade since 2005/06 to 2015/16, the causes of which could be attributed to the increase in energy consumption, increase in imports of petroleum products, increase in electricity deficit from the year 2008/09, increase in price of petroleum products. However, the value of energy security index is on the higher side (near to 10) which is mainly due to the fact that energy supply of Nepal is mostly dependent on traditional sources which is domestically supplied. There is a need to incorporate energy security in the national energy policy of Nepal with more emphasis on diversification of primary energy sources (other than traditional resources), reduction on import dependency especially on fossil fuel resources, strategic fuel reserves, diversification of energy resources uses in different energy consumption sectors like transport, industries, increase in energy supply from renewable energy sources, etc.

European Energy Security

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almas Heshmati ◽  
Shahrouz Abolhosseini
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
The European Union

This chapter reviews relevant literature on the current state and effectiveness of developing renewable energy on energy security in general, and on energy security in the European Union (EU) in particular. The chapter elaborates on primary energy import sources, possible alternatives, and how energy security is affected by the sources of supply. It also gives an analysis of the effects of the Ukrainian crisis, the isolation of Iran on diversification sources, and on European energy security. It examines EU’s energy policy, analyses the best motivation for a new energy policy direction within Europe, and suggests alternative solutions for enhanced energy supply security. The aim is to suggest suitable solutions for energy security in Europe through energy supply diversification. Supply diversification includes alternative energy corridors for reducing dependency on Russia as a supplier and enhancing the power generated by renewable energy sources under the European Union 2020 strategy.

Power System for Beautiful China

2021 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Vladimir P. Polevanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Leading Position

The growth in primary energy consumption in 2019 by 1.3% was provided by renewable energy sources and natural gas, which together provided 75% of the increase. China in the period 2010–2020 held a leading position in the growth of demand for energy resources, but according to forecasts, India will join it in the current decade.

scholarly journals The Economics of Renewable Energy Sources into Electricity Generation in Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baraka Kichonge ◽  
Iddi S. N. Mkilaha ◽  
Geoffrey R. John ◽  
Sameer Hameer
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Renewable Energy Technologies ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Primary Energy Supply

The study analyzes the economics of renewable energy sources into electricity generation in Tanzania. Business as usual (BAU) scenario and renewable energy (RE) scenario which enforce a mandatory penetration of renewable energy sources shares into electricity generations were analyzed. The results show total investment cost for the BAU scenario is much lower as compared to RE scenario while operating and maintenance variable costs are higher in BAU scenario. Primary energy supply in BAU scenario is higher tied with less investment costs as compared to RE scenario. Furthermore, the share of renewable energy sources in BAU scenario is insignificant as compared to RE scenario due to mandatory penetration policy imposed. Analysis concludes that there are much higher investments costs in RE scenario accompanied with less operating and variable costs and lower primary energy supply. Sensitivity analysis carried out suggests that regardless of changes in investments cost of coal and CCGT power plants, the penetration of renewable energy technologies was still insignificant. Notwithstanding the weaknesses of renewable energy technologies in terms of the associated higher investments costs, an interesting result is that it is possible to meet future electricity demand based on domestic resources including renewables.

scholarly journals The potential and prospect of biomass as primary energy in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 896 (1) ◽  
pp. 012055
Author(s):  
A I D Lantasi ◽  
Syafrudin ◽  
Budiyono
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Biomass Utilization ◽  
Scientific Facts

Abstract Energy is one of the needs to support daily human activities. Without energy, various activities such as industry, health, and household will be disrupted. Total energy consumption in Indonesia in 2018 reached 875 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE), which was dominated by fuel oil. It illustrates that national energy consumption is still dominated by primary energy sources originating from fossil fuels. Various previous studies have suggested the environmental and health impacts of air pollution from burning fossil fuels. This article will briefly discuss biomass as a primary energy source based on the results of literature studies. The discussion section will discuss the environmental impacts of biomass utilization based on several scientific studies and the form of biomass utilization in Indonesia that has been carried out. As a follow-up to several scientific facts, it is necessary to mix other primary energy from new and renewable energy sources.

scholarly journals The Role of Renewable Energy Supply and Carbon Tax in the Improvement of Energy Security: A Case Study of Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (4II) ◽  
pp. 347-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javed Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy Supply

As energy is a vital element for sustained economic growth and development, therefore energy consumption is used as a basic indicator of people’s living standards. Due to technological and industrial development, the demand of energy in Pakistan is increasing more than the total primary energy supply; therefore, it is confronting the severe energy deficit today. So there should be a serious concern for the government about the energy security and should take actions for the development of indigenous alternative and renewable energy resources. Renewable portfolio supply (RPS), and carbon tax are the two indirect policy options used for the improvement of energy security. Renewable Energy Promotion is used to reduce greenhouse gas emission, promote local energy sources and improve energy security through reducing energy dependency and diversification of energy sources. Carbon tax is an indirect policy option for energy security enhancement through emission reduction. Imposing tax on carbon emission will alter the primary energy supply mix, more efficient fuel and technologies will be substituted for less efficient fuel and technologies. This will reduce the primary energy demand and lead to improved energy security.

Unit Commitment Incorporating Wind Generators Considering Emission Reduction

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 3973-3977
Author(s):  
Xiao Hua Zhang ◽  
Jin Quan Zhao ◽  
Xing Ying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Unit Commitment ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Wind Generators

The rise of environmental protection and the progressive exhaustion of traditional fossil energy sources have increased the interest in integrating renewable energy sources into existing power systems. The energy saving and emission reduction is of most importance. Wind energy could be one of the most promising renewable energy sources. However, the intermittency and unpredictability of wind power generation creates difficulty in control of frequency and generation scheduling. Many problems will arise in the renewable energy based hybrid power system. In this paper, a fuzzy unit commitment model including wind generators is presented. Primary energy consumption, gas emission and the risk of wind are synthetically considered. Through defining membership function, the deterministic problem is transformed into the fuzzy problem. Then it is reformulated into the nonlinear problem by means of the maximum-minimum fuzzy satisfaction. Improved Genetic Algorithms (IGA) is used to solve the fuzzy optimization problem. The simulation results of a 10-unit system demonstrate that the proposed method is feasible. It can compromise between the primary energy consumption and the risk according to the decision-maker’s will. It provides valuable information in both operational and planning problems in the future.

A SURVEY OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT ATTITUDES TO RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY IN PRIMORSKO-GORANSKA COUNTY (CROATIA)

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Rade Knezević ◽  
Leo Vičić
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Consumption Control

The paper presents the methodology of a conducted questionnaire survey and the results regarding energy consumption in the tourism of Primorsko-Goranska County (Croatia). The attitudes about energy consumption management and practical aspects concerning consumption are highlighted. The pool consists of three major groups of tourism objects: hotels and related facilities, camping parks and marinas. The plan was to analyze 91 tourism object, but only from 30 objects was achieved the response (33% rate). Largest share of the pool is located in the coastal area (73%), and much smaller shares are in the mountain region (13%) and the islands (13%). The results of analysis show that the largest amount of energy is used for interior heating/cooling (26,0%) and food purposes (24,5%), then for the illumination (17,3%), hot water (17,0%), laundering and ironing (10,4%), cleaning and waste disposal (2,6%) and other (2,1%). The attitudes about saving are emphasized and 96,7% of surveyed managers suppose that it is possible to manage the energy consumption and that energy increasingly influences their sustainable business activities. Information technology equipment for energy consumption control was installed in 16,7% of facilities and only 13,3% of businesses were exploiting renewable energy sources (RES) in 2007.

Il costo dell'elettricitŕ prodotta da fonti rinnovabili in Italia: una stima dei costi delle "inefficenze" del sistema

2009 ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Arturo Lorenzoni ◽  
Laura Bano
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electricity Cost ◽  
Generation Costs ◽  
The Eu

- The promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES) is a high European Union (EU) priority for several reasons, including the security and diversification of energy supply, environmental protection and social and economic cohesion. The EU Council's decision of 9 March 2007 points towards increasing renewable penetration to 20% of total primary energy supply by 2020 (binding target). There are both costs and benefits associated with the achievement of such an ambitious target. For renewable technologies, the industrial cost is often higher compared to other energy sources. however, due to learning curve effects and market diffusion, technology related costs are coming down considerably. In some cases, when the external costs are taken into account by the price system, renewables can now be close to competitive with fossil fuels. With particular reference to renewable electricity in Italy, its development is often hampered by burdensome and time consuming authorisation procedures with the consequence of a high "mortality" rate for the investments in the sector, leading to increased costs for the project management. Therefore, in these projects an important cost factor is the high cost of capital due to risk. The analysis of the various renewables' support mechanisms currently in place in the EU shows that some types of incentive have proven to be more efficient than others in reducing the risk perception of investors and financing institutions, therefore making projects less expensive by reducing the cost of capital (both debt and equity). Therefore the focus here is on the electricity generation costs of some renewable technologies and on the costs related to the "additional" risk perceived by investors/lenders in the sector. The authors estimate the additional cost of capital which investors pay when operating in a risky environment. Some policy indications are finally given to reduce the non-technology related costs for a faster and more efficient growth of the sector. JEL Class. L98, Q28, Q48 Key words: renewable energy, electricity cost, administrative procedures, system inefficiency

scholarly journals Comparing the European Union and Turkey's Renewable Energy Policies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Müslüme Narin ◽  
Younes Gholizadeh
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Policies ◽  
Renewable Energy Policies ◽  
The Eu

European Union countries (EU), because they have to import a large portion of the consumed energy, on the one hand are trying to develop effective energy consumption, and on the other hand to increase their share of renewable energy sources in total energy consumption. In this context, the European Commission, published "2017 Progress Report" about renewable energy sources in the framework of EU 2020 Renewable Energy Targets". In this report, it is indicated that the share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption has been increased to 16,4% and with regards to renewable energy sources, a vast majority of EU countries are compatible with their 2020 targets. The EU's policy towards renewable energy sources supports the "Energy Union Action Plan" in five categories: Energy security, market integration, energy efficiency, decarbonization and innovation. For instance, within the framework of energy security, the increase in EU renewable energy sources saved 16 billion Euros in fossil fuel imports in 2015. In accordance with "Clean Energy Package for Europe", emphasized the importance of providing cheap energy to the countries within EU market. Greenhouse gas emissions have declined with consuming renewable energy sources. The purpose of this study is to provide the latest developments in long-standing renewable energy policies in the EU and Turkey comparatively. In this context, first, the Turkey's renewable energy policies will be studied comparatively, thereafter, the effectiveness of these policies in the EU and Turkey will be investigated.

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