scholarly journals Iodine and Thyroid Function Status, and Anti-thyroid Peroxidase Antibody among Pregnant Women in Eastern Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalit Narayan Chaudhary ◽  
Saroj Khatiwada ◽  
Basanta Gelal ◽  
Sharad Gautam ◽  
Madhab Lamsal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody

Background: Iodine deficiency, thyroid dysfunction and development of thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy may affect mother and the developing fetus. This study was carried out to find iodine status, thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity among pregnant women.Methods: Ninety two pregnant women from three districts of eastern Nepal (Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa) were enrolled for the study, and urine and blood samples were collected. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free thyroxine (free T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody levels were estimated.Results: The median UIC, mean free T4 and TSH, median thyroglobulin and anti-TPO antibody in the pregnant women were 282.2 (158.42-376) μg/L, 1.14±0.41 ng/dL, 4.57±2.56 IU/mL, 6.5 (4.0-11.0) ng/mL, 1.52 (0.97-2.23) IU/mL respectively. In sufficient (<150 μg/L), adequate (150-249 μg/L) and above requirements (250-499 μg/L) iodine intake was observed in 17 (18.5%), 22 (23.9%) and 53 (57.6%) women respectively. Subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism were seen in 18 (19.5%) and 1(1.1%) women, respectively. Elevated thyroglobulin (>40 ng/mL) and positive anti-TPO antibody was observed in three (3.26%) women for both.Conclusions: Iodine intake was sufficient among pregnant women recently, however, chronic iodine deficiency persisted in small fraction of pregnant women. Mild thyroid dysfunction was common, and thyroid autoimmunity was present in small portion of Nepalese pregnant women population.Keywords: Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody; Iodine deficiency; Nepal; pregnant women; thyroid dysfunction.

scholarly journals Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women in a Private Clinical Practice in Northwestern Sydney before Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Blumenthal ◽  
Karen Byth ◽  
Creswell J. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aim. The primary objective of the study was to assess the iodine nutritional status, and its effect on thyroid function, of pregnant women in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney.Methods. It was a cross-sectional study undertaken between November 2007 and March 2009. Blood samples were taken from 367 women at their first antenatal visit between 7 and 11 weeks gestation for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels and spot urine samples for urinary iodine excretion were taken at the same time as blood collection.Results. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for all women was 81 μg/l (interquartile range 41–169 μg/l). 71.9% of the women exhibited a UIC of <150 μg/l. 26% of the women had a UIC <50 μg/l, and 12% had a UIC <20 μg/l. The only detectable influences on UIC were daily milk intake and pregnancy supplements. There was no statistically significant association between UIC and thyroid function and no evidence for an effect of iodine intake on thyroid function.Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in women in Western Sydney but no evidence for a significant adverse effect on thyroid function. The 6.5% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is unlikely to be due to iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Indicators of Iodine Status in Pregnancy and Postpartum in a Group of Pregnant Women from Perimarine Area of Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Scrinic Olesea ◽  
Delia Corina Elena ◽  
Toma Geanina Mirela ◽  
Circo Eduard
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Objective: Assessment of iodine nutritional status in pregnant women in the perimarine area of Romania, a region without iodine deficiency. Adequate iodine intake is the main source for normal thyroid function, ensuring the need for maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy, but also for the development and growth of children in the fetal and postpartum period. Material and method: Prospective study performed on 74 pregnant women in the first 2 trimesters of pregnancy, originating from the perimarin area. The following indicators of iodine status were analyzed: urinary iodine concentration (UIC), the ratio between urinary iodine concentration and urinary creatinine (UIC/UCr), the prevalence of maternal goiter and the value of neonatal TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Results: The mean gestational age was 11 weeks. The ways of iodine intake are: iodized salt - 59.4%, iodized salt and iodine supplements- 23%, only iodine supplements -10.8% and 6.8% consume only non-iodized salt. The median of UIC was 133.03 mcg/l considered insufficient iodine intake (normal in pregnancy UIC >150 mcg/l), but the adjustment of UIC to urinary creatinine reveals a median of 152.83 mcg/g, a value that reflects an adequate iodine intake. The prevalence of goiter was 25.6% characteristic for a moderate iodine deficiency. The prevalence of neonatal TSH >5 mIU/L was registered in 18.8% characteristic of mild iodine deficiency. Conclusions: Monitoring of the iodine nutritional status is recommended for the prevention of disorders due to iodine deficiency under the conditions of universal salt iodization. Perimarine areas considered sufficient in iodine may show variations in iodine status in subpopulations under certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy. An indicator of iodine status of the population is UIC, but the UIC/UCr ratio may be a more optimal indicator for pregnant women, to avoid possible overestimated results of iodine deficiency in pregnancy.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency among Belgian pregnant women not fully corrected by iodine-containing multivitamins: a national cross-sectional survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2276-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Vandevijvere ◽  
Sihame Amsalkhir ◽  
Ahmed Bensouda Mourri ◽  
Herman Van Oyen ◽  
Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Low iodine intake during pregnancy may cause thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women and their newborn. In the present study, iodine status among a nation-wide representative sample of Belgian pregnant women in the first and third trimester of pregnancy was determined, and determinants of iodine status were assessed 1 year after the introduction of bread fortified with iodised salt. The women were selected according to a multistage proportionate-to-size sampling design. Urine samples were collected and a general questionnaire was completed face to face with the study nurse. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among pregnant women (n1311) was 124·1 μg/l and 122·6 μg/g creatinine when corrected for urinary creatinine. The median UIC in the first trimester (118·3 μg/l) was significantly lower than that in the third trimester (131·0 μg/l) but significantly higher than among non-pregnant women (84·8 μg/l). Iodine-containing supplement intake was reported by 60·8 % of the women and 57·4 % of the women took this supplement daily. The risk of iodine deficiency was significantly higher in younger women, in women not taking iodine-containing supplements, with low consumption of milk and dairy drinks and during autumn. Women with a higher BMI had a higher risk of iodine deficiency but the risk was lower in women who reported alcohol consumption. The median UIC during pregnancy indicates iodine deficiency in Belgium and some women are at a higher risk of deficiency. The current low iodine intake in women of childbearing age precludes the correction of iodine deficiency in pregnant women supplemented with multivitamins containing 150 μg iodine as recommended.

scholarly journals Longitudinal trends in thyroid function in relation to iodine intake: ongoing changes of thyroid function despite adequate current iodine status

2014 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annenienke C van de Ven ◽  
Romana T Netea-Maier ◽  
H Alec Ross ◽  
Teun A E van Herwaarden ◽  
Suzanne Holewijn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urine Iodine

ObjectiveSeveral cross-sectional studies on populations with iodine deficiency showed that TSH-levels are negatively associated with age, while in populations with high iodine intake TSH is positively associated with age. The question is whether such an age-thyroid function relation is an ongoing process apparent also in longitudinal studies and whether it reflects an actual iodine deficiency or an iodine insufficiency in the past.MethodsIn an area with a borderline iodine status in the past, we studied 980 participants of the Nijmegen Biomedical Study. We measured serum TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (T3), peroxidase antibodies, and the urine iodine and creatinine concentration 4 years after our initial survey of thyroid function, in which we reported a negative association between TSH and age.ResultsWithin 4 years, TSH decreased by 5.4% (95% CI 2.5–8.3%) and FT4increased by 3.7% (95% CI 2.9–4.6%). Median urinary iodine concentration was 130 μg/l. Estimated 24-h iodine excretion was not associated with TSH, T3, change of TSH, or FT4over time or with the presence of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. Only FT4appeared to be somewhat higher at lower urine iodine levels: a 1.01% (95% CI 0.17–1.84%) higher FT4for each lower iodine quintile.ConclusionsIn this longitudinal study, we found an ongoing decrease in TSH and increase in FT4in a previously iodine insufficient population, despite the adequate iodine status at present. This suggests that low iodine intake at young age leads to thyroid autonomy (and a tendency to hyperthyroidism) that persists despite normal iodine intake later in life.

scholarly journals Iodine levels are associated with oxidative stress and antioxidant status in pregnant women with hypertensive disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Cuellar-Rufino ◽  
Mónica Navarro-Meza ◽  
Pablo García-Solís ◽  
Irene Xochihua-Rosas ◽  
Omar Arroyo-Helguera
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Sod Activity

Background: Previously has been reported the antioxidant function of iodine, and iodine deficiency as a risk factor of preeclampsia.Aim: We analyze the association between iodine deficiency, oxidative stress and antioxidant status with hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HPD).Method: 57 pregnant women were recruited in the last trimester of pregnancy, 20 diagnosed with hypertensive disease of pregnancy and 37 normotensive pregnant women. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), TSH, free T4 (fT4), total antioxidant status (FRP), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and oxidative stress (TBARS) were evaluated by colorimetric methods.Results: UIC median for all pregnant women was of 151.9 µg / L. The UIC median for pregnant women with HPD was between 50-149 µg/L compared to 150-249 µg/L in normotensive women. No significant changes were found in levels of TSH and fT4 in normotensive pregnant compared with HPD women. Pregnant women with HPD had significant high levels of TBARS, and significant low levels of FRP, SOD, CAT and UIC compared to normotensive pregnant. In addition, pregnant women with optimal levels of UIC had a higher SOD activity (R = 0.354, P = 0.011), while iodine deficiency was associated with HPD (R = -0,281, p = 0.039). Similarly, pregnant with HPD had a significant negative association with SOD activity (R = -0,702, p = 0.005), CAT (R = -0,409, p = 0.002), and FRP (R = -0,624, p = 0.003), and a positive association with TBARS (R = 0.744, p = 0.001).Conclusion: iodine contributes to REDOX balance during pregnancy; its deficiency is associated with HPD. This study shows the importance of iodine during pregnancy.

scholarly journals The prevalence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies and autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents in an iodine replete area

2003 ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kabelitz ◽  
KP Liesenkotter ◽  
B Stach ◽  
H Willgerodt ◽  
W Stablein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Iodine Supply

BACKGROUND: The iodine supply of the population in Berlin has normalized during the last 5 Years. Therefore autoimmune thyroiditis has become the most important differential diagnosis in children and adolescents with goiter. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to define the prevalence of anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies and autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents with a normalized iodine intake. DESIGN: To enable the measurement of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO-Ab) in a large cohort, a method to determine anti-TPO-Ab in dried filter paper blood spots was established. In co-operation with pediatricians the antibody prevalence was assessed and data regarding thyroid size, echostructure and the medical history concerning iodine intake and familial thyroid diseases were collected. METHODS: 660 children and adolescents participated in the study; urinary iodine, TSH and TPO-Ab were measured and an ultrasound of the thyroid gland was performed. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the newly established filter paper assay was 91.8% and specificity was 100%. The results confirmed the improved iodine supply, with a median urinary iodine concentration of 139 microg iodine/g creatinine. The prevalence of anti-TPO-Ab was 3.4% with a female to male ratio of 2.7:1. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anti-TPO-Ab is lower or equal to data reported from other iodine sufficient areas. Data from a moderate iodine deficiency in schoolchildren range from 0.0 to 7.3%. Using the new filter paper method field studies can be implemented to monitor the effect of changes in iodine nutrition on thyroid autoimmunity. Furthermore, this study on the prevalence of anti-TPO-Ab in a cohort of healthy children and adolescents in an iodine replete area can serve as reference data for future investigations and for the comparison with other groups of patients with increased risks for thyroid autoimmunity.

scholarly journals Iodine Deficiency in Latvia: Current Status and Need for National Recommendations

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-407
Author(s):  
Ilze Konrāde ◽  
Ieva Kalere ◽  
Ieva Strēle ◽  
Marina Makrecka-Kūka ◽  
Vija Veisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract In the absence of a mandatory salt iodisation programme, two nationwide cross-sectional cluster surveys revealed persisting iodine deficiency among Latvian schoolchildren during the spring season and a noteworthy iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Latvia; these deficiencies warrant intervention. The consequences of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy and lactation can adversely affect foetal brain development. Data from a Latvian population survey revealed the consumption of approximately 100 μg of iodine per day through foods and iodised salt. Therefore, strategies to increase the consumption of iodine-containing products should be implemented, particularly for children. In addition, to meet the increased iodine requirement during pregnancy, pregnant women should take daily supplements containing 150 μg iodine from the earliest time possible. All women of childbearing age should be advised to increase their dietary iodine intake by using iodised table salt and iodine-rich products: seafood, milk and milk products. For women with pre-existing thyroid pathologies, the medical decision should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Urinary iodine concentration monitoring among schoolchildren and pregnant women and neonatal thyrotropin registry analysis every five years would be an appropriate strategy for maintaining iodine intake within the interval that prevents iodine deficiency disorders.

scholarly journals Study on the relationship of iodine nutritional status with thyroid function and autoantibodies in pregnant women in Baotou

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Fan ◽  
Yalu Wang ◽  
Chenhui Li ◽  
Ziling Li
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of

Objective: To investigate the relationship of iodine nutritional status with thyroid function in pregnant women in Baotou, and provide a scientific basis for the guide of reasonable iodine supplementation.Methods: By use of As-Ce catalysis spectrophotometry, the urinary iodine concentration was determined in 90 women during different periods of pregnancy admitted to Baogang Hospital of Inner Mongolia from January 2017 to December 2017. The determination of thyroid function and the autoantibody level was carried out by electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA).Results: In the early trimester of pregnancy, pregnant women with iodine deficiency, iodine sufficiency and iodine excess accounted for 36.67%, 40.00% and 23.33% respectively; in the middle trimester of pregnancy, they accounted for 66.67%, 26.67% and 6.66% respectively; they made up 40.00%, 40.00% and 20.00% respectively in the late trimester of pregnancy. The rate of iodine deficiency in women in the middle trimester of pregnancy was significantly higher than that in women in the early and the late trimesters of pregnancy respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p < .05). The rate of iodine deficiency in pregnant women was positively correlated to the positivity of thyroid peroxidase antibody. Moreover, it had no relationship with the positivity of thyroglobulin antibody. No matter in the pregnant women with iodine deficiency or with iodine excess, the abnormality rate of thyroid function and autoantibodies was significantly higher than that in the pregnant women with iodine sufficiency. The difference was statistically significant (p < .05).Conclusions: The iodine deficiency in the women in the middle trimester of pregnancy is more severe than that in the women in the early and the late trimesters of pregnancy. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy is positively correlated with the positivity of thyroid peroxidase antibody. Pregnant women with iodine deficiency and iodine excess show a higher abnormality rate of thyroid function and autoantibodies. It is recommended to advocate health education on iodine nutrition to pregnant women, and conduct the dynamic monitoring of urinary iodine concentration and the screening of thyroid function and autoantibodies during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Evaluation of median urinary iodine concentration cut-off for defining iodine deficiency in pregnant women after a long term USI in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huidi Zhang ◽  
Meng Wu ◽  
Lichen Yang ◽  
Jinghuan Wu ◽  
Yichun Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Normal Thyroid Function

Abstract Background The WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD define iodine deficiency during pregnancy as median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) ≤ 150 μg/L. China implemented universal salt iodization (USI) in 1995, and recent surveillance showed nationwide elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Data from 2014 showed that the MUIC in 19,500 pregnant women was 154.6 μg/L and 145 μg/L in 9000 pregnant women in 2015. However, symptoms of iodine deficiency were absent. Our study sought to evaluate whether MUIC below 150 μg/L affects thyroid function of Chinese pregnant women and their newborns in Chinese context. Methods We screened 103 women with normal thyroid function and MUIC lower than 150 μg/L during week 6 of pregnancy at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Patient demographics and dietary salt intake were recorded. Subjects were followed at 12, 24, and 32 gestational weeks. At each visit, a 3-day dietary record, drinking water samples, and edible salt samples were collected and analyzed for total dietary iodine intake. Additionally, 24-h urine iodine and creatinine were measured. Blood tests assessed thyroid function in both mothers and newborns. Results Of 103 pregnant women enrolled, 79 completed all follow-up visits. Most subjects maintained normal thyroid function throughout pregnancy. However, 19 had thyroid dysfunction based on thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels. The median serum iodine was 71 μg/L (95% CI: 44, 109). The median thyroglobulin was < 13 μg/L. values above this level indicate iodine deficiency in pregnant women. The median dietary iodine intake during pregnancy, derived from the 3-day record and measures of water and salt, was 231.17 μg/d. Assuming 90% urinary iodine excretion (UIE), 200.11 μg/d UIE means the 222.34 μg iodine loss per day, suggesting that subjects had a positive iodine balance throughout pregnancy. All neonatal blood samples showed TSH levels lower than 10 mIU/L, indicating normal thyroid function. No significant difference was found among gestational weeks for urinary iodine, and the MUIC in subjects who completed 3 follow-up visits was 107.41 μg/L. Conclusion Twenty years after implementing USI, expectant Chinese mothers with MUIC of 107.4 μg/L, less than the WHO’s 150 μg/L benchmark, maintained thyroid function in both themselves and their newborn babies.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency during pregnancy: a national cross-sectional survey in Latvia

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 2990-2997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilze Konrade ◽  
Ieva Kalere ◽  
Ieva Strele ◽  
Marina Makrecka-Kuka ◽  
Anna Jekabsone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractObjectiveLow iodine intake during pregnancy may cause thyroid dysfunction, which results in inadequate fetal brain development. In the absence of a universal salt iodization programme, we conducted a nationwide survey of iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Latvia.DesignA countrywide twenty-cluster survey, with at least twenty women per cluster. Participants completed a questionnaire on dietary habits concerning iodine intake (n 739). Thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and thyroperoxidase antibodies) was measured (n 550). Urinary iodine was measured using the ammonium persulfate method (n 696).SettingThe survey was performed in all regions of Latvia during the spring and autumn seasons in 2013.SubjectsPregnant women (n 829).ResultsThe median creatinine (Cr)-standardized urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 80·8 (interquartile range (IQR) 46·1–130·6) µg/g Cr or 69·4 (IQR 53·9–92·6) µg/l during pregnancy, and 81 % of pregnant women had UIC levels below the WHO recommended range of 150–250 µg/g Cr. The UIC was lowest during the first trimester of pregnancy, 56·0 (IQR 36·4–100·6) µg/g Cr, reaching higher concentrations of 87·5 (IQR 46·4–141·7) µg/g Cr and 86·9 (IQR 53·8–140·6) µg/g Cr in the second and third trimesters, respectively. Women taking supplements containing ≥150 µg iodine (6·8 % of respondents) had non-significantly higher UIC than did women without supplementation (96·2 v. 80·3 µg/g Cr, respectively, P=NS). Thyroperoxidase antibody concentration did not correlate significantly with UIC: Spearman’s ρ=−0·012, P=0·78.ConclusionsThe median UIC indicates iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Latvia. Iodine supplementation (150 µg daily) and regular UIC monitoring should be suggested to overcome iodine deficiency and to reach the recommended levels without inducing autoimmune processes.

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