HISTORY AND PRESENT SITUATION OF SUBURBAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE US : Studies on school facilities in the US

To present opportunities in Lukavac education in the period 1945-1953. means talking about primary education, first of all about four-year, and later also eight-year elementary schools, for the reconstruction of school facilities, education and training of personnel for the needs of the economy, links between education and culture, and other similar issues. In Lukavac old schools are being rebuilt and new schools are being raised. The inclusion of pupils in elementary education in this period was considerably higher than before. In addition to regular classes, schools participate in organized work on the literacy of the population through analytical courses. The school becomes the center of both educational and cultural life. The cultural function of the school is particularly prominent in rural areas, where educational workers were the main bearers of the cultural life of the village.

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Cost Containment and Mental Health Outcomes: Experiences from US Studies

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/s0007125000293392 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 166 (S27) ◽

pp. 43-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Kenneth B. Wells

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Quality Of Care ◽

Cost Containment ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Poor People ◽

Fee For Service ◽

Us Studies ◽

Outcomes Of Care ◽

The Us

Background. Cost containment mechanisms, such as prepayment, are being considered or implemented in the US and elsewhere, but there have been few studies of the effects of such mechanisms on quality or outcomes of care for individuals with serious psychiatric disorders.Method. Key results from US studies on cost containment and their implications are reviewed.Results. Cost savings in out-patient mental health care can be achieved through increasing the share of costs paid by the covered individual or through prepayment, but individuals with the greatest psychological distress or poor people may achieve worse outcomes under greater cost containment. Quality of care may be poorer under some forms of prepayment than under fee-for-service care, yet a national prospective payment mechanism for depressed elderly in-patients was not associated with a marked drop in quality or outcomes of care among those admitted.Conclusions. Prepayment, relative to fee-for-service is not always associated with lower outcomes or quality of care for affective disorders. Under cost containment, quality and outcomes of care, especially for the sick poor, should be monitored to identify adverse consequences.

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Afghanistan: transitional justice in the midst of war

Nationalities Papers ◽

10.1080/00905992.2013.801414 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 1049-1064

Author(s):

Elham Atashi

Keyword(s):

Transitional Justice ◽

Nation Building ◽

Present Situation ◽

War Crimes ◽

Armed Groups ◽

Significant Component ◽

International Support ◽

The Past ◽

The Us ◽

Past Injustices

In Afghanistan, there has been much talk about, and international support for dealing with past injustices by developing transitional justice mechanisms. Reconciliation is being promoted as a nation-building strategy. This article argues that the implementation of transitional justice poses several challenges. First, a significant component of such a strategy is based on reconciliation taking place internally among competing armed groups and ethnic identities with the goal of transforming Afghan society. This assumes the cause of past conflicts to be internal and along ethnic divisions which limits the accountability for war crimes. It also considers violence and crimes of war as a thing of the past, ignoring the present situation. Furthermore, given the ongoing war between the US-led forces and the Taliban, insecurity and escalating levels of violence one has to question whether transitional justice can take place during a war. This article concludes that transitional justice is interconnected to perceptions of security and stability. The analysis of the present situation in Afghanistan poses critical questions as to whether memories of victims can be considered as the past in the midst of war.

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