10. Renewable Energy under the Kyoto Protocol: The Case for Mixing Instruments

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-GB">Support for electricity produced from renewable energy sources is a key priority for the European Union due to reasons of security and diversification of energy supply, environmental protection, sustainable development, and because the use of electricity from renewable sources is an important part of the measures necessary to comply with the Kyoto Protocol. The article is also focused on several options settlement balance between the producer and supplier of electricity produced from renewable energy sources.</span>

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Global warming mitigation and renewable energy policy development from the Kyoto Protocol to the Copenhagen Accord—A comment

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews ◽

10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.006 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 5280-5284 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Lee Chung Lau ◽

Keat Teong Lee ◽

Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Policy ◽

Kyoto Protocol ◽

Policy Development ◽

Renewable Energy Policy ◽

Copenhagen Accord

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Capping the Cost of Compliance with the Kyoto Protocol and Recycling Revenues into Land-Use Projects

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/tsw.2001.70 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 271-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bernhard Schlamadinger ◽

Michael Obersteiner ◽

Axel Michaelowa ◽

Michael Grubb ◽

Christian Azar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Energy Efficiency ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Land Use Change ◽

Kyoto Protocol ◽

Forest Protection ◽

Fixed Price ◽

The Cost ◽

Flexible Mechanisms

There is the concern among some countries that compliance costs with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol may be unacceptably high. There is also the concern that technical difficulties with the inclusion of land use, land-use change, and forestry activities in non-Annex I countries might lead to an effective exclusion of such activities from consideration under the Protocol. This paper is proposing a mechanism that addresses both these concerns. In essence, it is suggested that parties should be able to purchase fixed-price offset certificates if they feel they cannot achieve compliance through other means alone, such as by improved energy efficiency, increased use of renewable energy, or use of the flexible mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol. These offset certificates would act as a price cap for the cost of compliance for any party to the Protocol. Revenues from purchase of the offset certificates would be directed to forest-based activities in non-Annex I countries such as forest protection that may carry multiple benefits including enhancing net carbon sequestration.

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Overview of Legal and Policy Measures of Carbon Trading and Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) In India

Current World Environment ◽

10.12944/cwe.16.1.26 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 259-267

Author(s):

Haider Ali ◽

Santosh Kumar Tiwari

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Kyoto Protocol ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Action Plan ◽

Policy Framework ◽

Carbon Trading ◽

Trading System ◽

Policy Measures

It is scientifically well proven facts that carbon dioxide is the main cause of greenhouse gas emission by burning of fossils fuels. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) empower the parties to curb greenhouse gas emissions from the diverse industries by elaborating the mechanisms of Clean Development Mechanism Joint Implementation, and Emission Trading. This has created an international market for carbon trading. The paper addresses the global and Indian’s national carbon trading system, starting with the UNFCCC, and Kyoto Protocol comprising carbon credit components. The paper also tries to examine the obligation of India under the Kyoto protocol and later discuss the legal and policy framework implemented by India to encourage CDM and carbon trading in India. It traces different policy measures like National Action Plan and State Action Plans on Climate Change, National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE), Climate Change Action Program, 2010, Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT), Renewable Energy Credit Trading System (REC), PILOT ETS in some Indian provinces, the significant arrangements of Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and The Environmental Protection Act, 1986, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 are likewise examined. This paper further discusses the positives and negative aspect of this scheme and also its review, criticisms and problems. It ends by providing an Indian perspective to this scheme. Study of this paper would be especially beneficial for the governments, stakeholders and research scholars to know the whole legal and policy mechanism of carbon trading.

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