scholarly journals Structural organization of the ileum of laboratory animals in normal and in a comparative view aspect

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
M.I. Sydorenko
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Diffuse Endocrine System

In recent decades, diseases of the digestive system that require immediate, both therapeutic and surgical treatment, have become widespread, and it is therefore a natural task to find new and optimize existing technologies and methods for correcting the above-mentioned nosologies. Preclinical studies of such developments are conducted exclusively on laboratory animals and knowledge of the morphological features of their structure for further comparison with the morphology of similar human organs is an urgent task of modern medical and biological science. The purpose of the study was to study the structural organization of the ileum of rabbits in comparative species and to obtain control data on its morphological features. Adequate research methods were used in the work according to the set goal, namely: histological, histochemical, electron microscopic, morphometric and statistical and biopsies of the ileum of 10 rabbits were studied. The correctness of the distribution of traits by each of the variations obtained, the average values for each trait studied, standard errors and standard deviations were evaluated. The significance of the difference of values between independent micrometric values in the normal distribution of features was determined by Student’s criterion. The paper describes the main structural components of the ileum of rabbits and compared with similar structures of the human ileum. The ileum of rabbits, as in humans, has been determined to have four membranes: mucous, submucosal, muscular and serous. The mucous membrane is constructed from the epithelial layer, which is located on the basement membrane and the muscular plate and contains cellular elements (exocrinocytes, enterocytes of various kinds, elements of the diffuse endocrine system associated with the mucous membrane, intraepithelial lymphocytes), blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve endings. The submucosa is composed of loose fibrous connective tissue, which contains collagen and reticular fibers, elements of diffuse lymphoid tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. The muscular and serous membranes are constructed in the same way as in the human ileum. Thus, after the study, it was determined that the morphological organization of the ileum of rabbits at the optical and electron microscopic levels has general patterns of structure similar to those in the ileum of the person.

scholarly journals Morphological Features Of The Immune Structures Of The Thin Intestine Of Laboratory Animals With Various Characters Of Nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (09) ◽  
pp. 72-74
Author(s):  
Khusanov Erkin ◽  
Ortikbaeva Nilufar ◽  
Korzhavov Sherali
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Digestive Tube

The nutritional nature of mammals, which has developed during a long evolution, leads to adaptive - morphological changes in their digestive tract and its immune structures, although the general laws of their structural organization are identical. The literature has data on the study of the immune structures of the small intestine under normal conditions and under the influence of certain factors. In the structure of immune structures there are numerous parallelisms, however, in each class of vertebrates, complication of this organization is achieved independently. The small intestine is an important section of the digestive tube, where the final chemical processing of the chyme and the absorption of nutrients into the body take place. However, the comparative morphology of the immune structures of the small intestine in mammals with different nutrition patterns remains poorly understood.

Case Series

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piper M. Treuting ◽  
Tina M. Albertson ◽  
Bradley D. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Organ Dysfunction ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Tumor Burden ◽  
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Large Tumor

Acute tumor lysis syndrome (ATLS) is characterized by severe metabolic abnormalities and organ dysfunction resulting from rapid destruction of neoplastic cells. Metabolic disturbances are thought to be the primary cause of clinical ATLS symptoms, which include renal dysfunction, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. The histopathologic lesions associated with organ dysfunction are largely unknown because of the low rate of mortality of ATLS in humans and the few cases of ATLS identified in laboratory animals. Here, we describe histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic analyses of thirty-one ATLS cases from a cohort of 499 mice that are prone to spontaneous lymphoblastic lymphoma owing to genetic defects in DNA replication fidelity. Seventy-three percent of our cohort died with lymphoblastic lymphoma, and 8% of affected mice died with diffuse microthromboemboli consistent with ATLS. Mice with ATLS had a high spontaneous mortality rate (>50%), a large tumor burden with disseminated disease, and evidence of leukemia. Blood vessels in the lung, kidney, and other organs were occluded by microthromboemboli composed of chromatin, cellular debris, fibrin, platelets, and entrapped erythrocytes and malignant cells. This case series suggests that ATLS can occur at high frequency in mice with disseminated lymphoblastic lymphoma and leads to a high rate of spontaneous death from microthromboemboli.

scholarly journals Teratogenic effect of alcohol on the myocardium of laboratory animals at the stages of prenatal ontogenesis (literature review)

Morphologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
O.A. Cherkas
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Time Frequency

Background. To date, close attention is paid to the problems of formation and development of the myocardium in general and in particular its structural components. This phenomenon is associated with an increase in cardiovascular malformations in both adults and infants. These defects can be caused by genetic factors, as well as various teratogenic substances. One such substance is alcohol. Despite the risks, many women still drink alcohol during pregnancy. The main problem is that almost half of pregnancies are unplanned, so a woman may continue to consume alcohol for several weeks before learning about her condition. Especially in young women, fertilization can occur in a state of intoxication. In addition, under the influence of ethanol, cardiac function may be impaired in the absence of structural abnormalities. Chronic alcohol intoxication causes changes in the myocardium at all levels of its structural organization. First of all, teratogenic changes caused by the action of ethanol affect the development of cardiomyocytes in the process of embryogenesis, which contributes to the underdevelopment of the structure or function of heart cells. Although the effect of maternal alcohol consumption on the fetus has been studied for decades, there are still conflicting conclusions about the severity of myocardial morphological changes depending on the time, frequency and duration of alcohol consumption. Objective: to conduct a retrospective analysis of literature sources devoted to the study of adverse effects on the fetus caused by alcohol. Methods. The paper conducted a retrospective analysis of literature references and formed an understanding of the changes in the structure of the myocardium caused by teratogenic effects of alcohol. Results and conclusion. Analysis of literature sources showed a high level of adverse effects observed in offspring born to alcoholic mothers. Detrimental effects of alcohol cause changes in the myocardium at all levels of structural organization, including its ultrastructure. It was studied that prenatal exposure to ethanol induces significant changes in relative heart weight, left ventricular wall thickness and cardiomyocyte size. Exposure to high concentrations of alcohol in experimental animals during gestation can lead to congenital heart defects, such as atrial, ventricular, and septal defects. The main manifestation of the prenatal effect of alcohol after birth is the fetal alcohol syndrome, which combines various degrees of deviation in the development of the child.

Neuroendocrine tumour markers

2011 ◽  
pp. 897-900
Author(s):  
R. Ramachandran ◽  
W. Dhillo
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumour ◽  
Parathyroid Tissue ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Prognostic Indicator ◽  
Tumour Marker ◽  
Tumour Markers ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Diffuse Endocrine System

Neuroendocrine cells occur either singly or in small groups in a variety of tissues and organs. Although morphologically and embryologically diverse, they are characterized by a number of unifying features. They have dense core secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm and hormone receptors on the cell membranes. There is evidence of prohormone activity within the cells and they synthesize, store, and secrete hormones. In addition, neuroendocrine cells possess an ability to take up and decarboxylate amine precursors. Components of this diffuse endocrine system are particularly prominent in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, C cells of the thyroid, adrenal medulla, parathyroid tissue, respiratory tract, skin, and genitourinary system. Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are known to occur in all these tissues. Historically, the diagnosis of NET was made on the basis of characteristic histological findings. The significantly worse prognosis in advanced disease and the availability of multiple therapeutic options have highlighted the need for robust tumour markers that can be used both for diagnosis and follow-up. Currently, a number of normal and abnormal forms of peptides, biogenic amines, and hormones, secreted by NETs, are routinely measured as markers of disease. An ideal tumour marker would be one that is secreted exclusively by the tumour cells and is useful (1) for screening and differential diagnosis of NETs; (2) as a prognostic indicator; (3) as an estimate of tumour burden; and (4) as a surveillance tool. Although none of the currently available markers completely fits the paradigm for an ideal tumour marker, when measured in conjunction with each other, they are useful not only for making a diagnosis but also for monitoring response to therapy and in surveillance post-remission.

THE USE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PREVENTION OF FAILURE IN THE IMPOSITION OF SMALL INTESTINAL ANASTOMOSES IN THE EXPERIMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
M. Tymchenko ◽  
Yu. Ivanova ◽  
V. Padalko ◽  
H. Sheremet ◽  
O. Kozlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Anastomosis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intestinal Anastomoses ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies

Summary. The aimof the study is to develop a method of sealing the sutured of the small intestine anastomosis in conditions of high risk anastomosis leakege by stopping the inflammation’ cascade in experiment. Materials and methods.The work was experimental in nature, was performed in the SI «ZIGUS NAMSU» in collaboration with the Scientific Research Institute of Biology V. N. Karazin KhNU in the period from 2018 to 2019. To increase the tightness of the intestinal anastomoses applied under conditions of laparatomy, experimental studies were conducted on laboratory animals. The studies were carried out after the permission of the ethics committee SI «ZIGUS NAMSU» in compliance with all ethical requirements for the humane treatment of animals.Surgical operations in two series of experiments were performed under operating conditions under general anesthesia on 10 white sexually mature linear rats – Wistar males, 12-18 months old, weighing about 250 grams. All morphological material (the first and second series of experiments) was marked and fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin. Subsequently, paraffin sections were prepared according to the generally accepted histotechnical method and stained with hematoxylin - eosin; according to Van Gieson and Mallory, an immunohistochemical study was used to study microenvironment factors. Results and Discussion. Immunohistochemical examination of the intestine was carried out in several stages, at the first stage we took intestinal tissue during the surgery to form the intestinal anastomosis, before the introduction of allogeneic cell transplants. Also carried out immunohistochemical studies of the emerging mucous membrane at various times after the formation of insolvency of intestinal anastomoses in both studied groups. When using a cell allograft, the mechanisms of repair of the intestinal mucosa include the appearance of cells that carry the expression of markers of mesenchymal and epithelial differentiation (Vim, CD34, CKW, Ecad), and are usually localized in the walls of blood vessels of granulation tissue, as well as in areas of the repairing epithelium. In addition, in the main group, only 7 days after the reaction to cytokeratins (CKW) and Ecad, areas of the repairing epithelium were detected, while the visualization of the epithelium in the control group did not begin even after 10 days. The analysis of immunophenotypes of repairing cells allows us to suggest the participation of mesenchymal-epithelial transformation mechanisms in this process. Conclusions.Thus, studies have shown that the use of cell transplantation of culture of allogeneic cells of the intestine leads to the reconstruction of the intestinal mucosa in a fairly short time. Conducted histological and immunohistochemical studies showed that in the vast majority of animals (77.2%) 10-14 days after the operation, an almost unchanged mucous membrane forms with the preservation of its elasticity.

scholarly journals Automated analysis of scanning electron microscopic images for assessment of hair surface damage

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 191438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Chu ◽  
Deon S. Anex ◽  
A. Daniel Jones ◽  
Bradley R. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Damage Classification ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Hair Surface ◽  
Scanning Electron

Mechanical damage of hair can serve as an indicator of health status and its assessment relies on the measurement of morphological features via microscopic analysis, yet few studies have categorized the extent of damage sustained, and instead have depended on qualitative profiling based on the presence or absence of specific features. We describe the development and application of a novel quantitative measure for scoring hair surface damage in scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images without predefined features, and automation of image analysis for characterization of morphological hair damage after exposure to an explosive blast. Application of an automated normalization procedure for SEM images revealed features indicative of contact with materials in an explosive device and characteristic of heat damage, though many were similar to features from physical and chemical weathering. Assessment of hair damage with tailing factor, a measure of asymmetry in pixel brightness histograms and proxy for surface roughness, yielded 81% classification accuracy to an existing damage classification system, indicating good agreement between the two metrics. Further ability of the tailing factor to score features of hair damage reflecting explosion conditions demonstrates the broad applicability of the metric to assess damage to hairs containing a diverse set of morphological features.

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