scholarly journals Cold Sprayed Tungsten Armor for Tokamak First Wall

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Cizek ◽  
Monika Vilemova ◽  
Frantisek Lukac ◽  
Martin Koller ◽  
Jan Kondas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Cold Spraying ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
First Wall ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Strong Magnetic Fields ◽  
Hot Plasma ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
First Time

Abstract Owing to the COVID situation and transfer of manuscripts from ITSC 2020; this paper presents a shortened version of experiments and results that were recently published in a standard journal. For more details; please refer to the source [1]. Numerous obstacles are still to be resolved before power sources based on nuclear fusion could be employed. One of the major challenges are the materials used for construction of the main reactor vessels. In tokamaks; torus-shaped fusion facilities confining the hot plasma by strong magnetic fields; the innermost chambers are to be coated with dense coatings of W-based alloys. So far; the attempts for such coatings formation by other methods failed due to oxidation; high porosity; insufficient adhesion; high specific surface; or even insufficient thickness below 10 μm. Cold spraying seems a promising technology for the task. Here we demonstrate a successful fabrication of thick W; W-Cr and W-Cr-Ti coatings prepared without oxidation of the metals. For the first time in history; a deposition of 80 μm-thick coating of pure W was achieved.

scholarly journals Cold Sprayed Tungsten Armor for Tokamak First Wall

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Cizek ◽  
Monika Vilemova ◽  
Frantisek Lukac ◽  
Martin Koller ◽  
Jan Kondas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Nuclear Fusion ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Cold Spraying ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
First Wall ◽  
Interface Quality ◽  
Promising Technology

Harnessing nuclear fusion is a challenging task, in particular because of the demands put on the used materials. In tokamaks, future energy sources, the inner-most chambers are to be coated with dense coatings of W, or W-Cr-based alloys. So far, the attempts for such coatings formation by other methods failed due to oxidation, high porosity, insufficient adhesion, high specific surface, or even insufficient thickness below 10 μ m. Cold spraying seems a promising technology for the task. In our study, we demonstrate the first successful fabrication of thick pure W coatings. W-Cr and W-Cr-Ti coatings were further prepared without oxidation of the metals. All coatings exhibited high hardness levels, good interface quality with three tested substrates and, importantly, a promising potential for formation of stable Cr 2 WO x phases.

scholarly journals Possibility of obtaining hot plasma during the breakdown of high-pressure gases in strong magnetic fields

2019 ◽  
Vol 1383 ◽  
pp. 012018
Author(s):  
O A Omarov ◽  
N O Omarova ◽  
P Kh Omarova ◽  
A A Aliverdiev
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Strong Magnetic Fields ◽  
Hot Plasma

Strong magnetic fields

1960 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.M. Strakhovskii ◽  
N.V. Kravtsov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Strong Magnetic Fields

Magnetic molecular nanoclusters in strong magnetic fields

2002 ◽  
Vol 172 (11) ◽  
pp. 1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatolii K. Zvezdin ◽  
Viktor V. Kostyuchenko ◽  
V.V. Platonov ◽  
V.I. Plis ◽  
A.I. Popov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Strong Magnetic Fields

scholarly journals The measurement of the energy of cosmic rays - II—The curvature measurements and the energy spectrum

1936 ◽  
Vol 154 (883) ◽  
pp. 573-587 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Strong Magnetic Fields ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
Curvature Measurements

Both the penetrating power of the cosmic rays through material ab­sorbers and their ability to reach the earth in spite of its magnetic field, make it certain that the energy of many of the primary particles must reach at least 10 11 e-volts. However, the energy measurements by Kunze, and by Anderson, using cloud chambers in strong magnetic fields, have extended only to about 5 x 10 9 e-volts. Particles of greater energy were reported, but the curvature of their tracks was too small to be measured with certainty. We have extended these energy measurements to somewhat higher energies, using a large electro-magnet specially built for the purpose and described in Part I. As used in these experiments, the magnet allowed the photography of tracks 17 cm long in a field of about 14,000 gauss. The magnet weighed about 11,000 kilos and used a power of 25 kilowatts.

scholarly journals Revealing the constituents of Egypt’s oldest beer using infrared and mass spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Farag ◽  
Moamen M. Elmassry ◽  
Masahiro Baba ◽  
Renée Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Beer Brewing ◽  
Chemical Signatures ◽  
Chemical Determination ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
High Level ◽  
Beer Production ◽  
First Time ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the Ancient Egyptians used malted wheat and barley as the main ingredients in beer brewing, but the chemical determination of the exact recipe is still lacking. To investigate the constituents of ancient beer, we conducted a detailed IR and GC-MS based metabolite analyses targeting volatile and non-volatile metabolites on the residues recovered from the interior of vats in what is currently the world’s oldest (c. 3600 BCE) installation for large-scale beer production located at the major pre-pharaonic political center at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. In addition to distinguishing the chemical signatures of various flavoring agents, such as dates, a significant result of our analysis is the finding, for the first time, of phosphoric acid in high level probably used as a preservative much like in modern beverages. This suggests that the early brewers had acquired the knowledge needed to efficiently produce and preserve large quantities of beer. This study provides the most detailed chemical profile of an ancient beer using modern spectrometric techniques and providing evidence for the likely starting materials used in beer brewing.

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