scholarly journals Revealing the constituents of Egypt’s oldest beer using infrared and mass spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Farag ◽  
Moamen M. Elmassry ◽  
Masahiro Baba ◽  
Renée Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Beer Brewing ◽  
Chemical Signatures ◽  
Chemical Determination ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
High Level ◽  
Beer Production ◽  
First Time ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the Ancient Egyptians used malted wheat and barley as the main ingredients in beer brewing, but the chemical determination of the exact recipe is still lacking. To investigate the constituents of ancient beer, we conducted a detailed IR and GC-MS based metabolite analyses targeting volatile and non-volatile metabolites on the residues recovered from the interior of vats in what is currently the world’s oldest (c. 3600 BCE) installation for large-scale beer production located at the major pre-pharaonic political center at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. In addition to distinguishing the chemical signatures of various flavoring agents, such as dates, a significant result of our analysis is the finding, for the first time, of phosphoric acid in high level probably used as a preservative much like in modern beverages. This suggests that the early brewers had acquired the knowledge needed to efficiently produce and preserve large quantities of beer. This study provides the most detailed chemical profile of an ancient beer using modern spectrometric techniques and providing evidence for the likely starting materials used in beer brewing.

scholarly journals Determination of the plasticity of metals by impact indentation of a spherical indenter

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-495
Author(s):  
A. P. Kren
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Spherical Indenter ◽  
Full Plasticity ◽  
Energy Ratios ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Plasticity Parameter ◽  
First Time ◽  
Impact Microindentation

The problems of measuring the plastic characteristics of metals are considered. It is shown that the characteristics of materials used to compare their plasticity are not comparable and depend in the different degrees on the values of strain, strain rate, and modulus of elasticity. At the same time, the value of plasticity is more physically substantiated, which is determined by the ratio of plastic strain to total strain. It is shown that one of the optimal methods for measuring plasticity (plasticity index) is indentation. The possibility of using impact microindentation for this purpose is studied and expressions are proposed that allow calculating the plasticity based on the results of a single indentation of a spherical indenter. The specialties of the calculation of strain for this type of testing are shown. It was found that the values of plasticity obtained from the ratios of the depths of the plastic and elastic penetration of the indenter are equivalent to the values calculated from the energy ratios upon impact. Experimental studies have been carried out on metals with different hardness and type of crystal lattice. For the first time, the effect of strain rate, deformation, and impact energy (initial impact velocity) on the calculated value of plasticity when a sphere is impressed with strain rates of ~ 103 s–1 is shown. It is shown that when the strain corresponding to the onset of full plasticity during indentation is reached, the maximum sensitivity of the measured plasticity parameter for various metals is achieved.

scholarly journals The Impact of Geographical Location on the Chemical Compositions of Pimpinella lutea Desf. Growing in Tunisia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7739
Author(s):  
Hekmat AL-Hmadi ◽  
Ridha El Mokni ◽  
Rajesh K. Joshi ◽  
Mohamed L. Ashour ◽  
Saoussen Hammami
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Physical Environmental Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South

Essential oils are generally produced to confer the protection of medicinal plants against several natural enemies. Variations of chemical and physical environmental factors exert significant influences on plant development. They hence may affect the quality and quantity of volatile organic metabolites of interest and, therefore, the economic applications of essential oils. This research focused on the effects of the harvest region on the production and analytes present in Tunisian Pimpinella lutea Desf. Apiaceae that were collected in three different growing environments (North and South Bizerta and Tabarka). Essential oils extracted from a variety of genotypes were analyzed, for the first time, using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/FID and GC/MS). The determination of the percentage of essential oil components allowed the recognition of three chemotypes: α-trans-Bergamotene quantified at a percentage of 18.1% in North Bizerta (NBEO), muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1-β-ol identified in South Bizerta (10.1%, SBEO) and acora-3,7(14)-dien present in a high level of 29.1% in Tabarka population (TEO). The richness of different populations in sesquiterpenes (60.2–78.1%) suggests that Pimpinella lutea Desf. may be used in different industrial segments.

Direct Parametric Analysis of Resonance Regimes for Nonlinear Vibrations of Bladed Discs

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Contact Stiffness ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Strongly Nonlinear ◽  
Resonance Frequencies ◽  
Interface Parameters ◽  
First Time ◽  
Analytical Expressions ◽  
Contact Stiffness Coefficients

A method has been developed to calculate directly resonance frequencies and resonance amplitudes as functions of design parameters or as a function of excitation levels. The method provides, for a first time, this capability for analysis of strongly nonlinear periodic vibrations of bladed discs and other structures with nonlinear interaction at contact interfaces. A criterion for determination of major, sub- and superharmonic resonance peaks has been formulated. Analytical expressions have been derived for accurate evaluation of the criterion and for tracing resonance regimes as function of such contact interface parameters as gap and interference values, friction and contact stiffness coefficients, normal stresses. High accuracy and efficiency of the new method have been demonstrated on numerical examples including large-scale nonlinear bladed disc model and major types of contact interfaces including friction contact interfaces, gaps and cubic nonlinearities.

scholarly journals (A47) Disaster Nurses in Developing Countries: Strengthening Disaster Nurses' Competencies through Training and Disaster Drills

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s14-s14
Author(s):  
L.M. Hilmi ◽  
R. Bristow ◽  
S. Balsari ◽  
D. Anthony ◽  
M. Vortman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Nursing Competencies ◽  
High Level ◽  
Civilian Defense ◽  
First Time

IntroductionIn many developing countries nurses are the front-line of care, yet do not receive appropriate theoretical or clinical skills related to disaster and emergency medicine. The ICN/WHO have outlined disaster nursing competencies for improving disaster nursing globally. These can serve as a basis for strengthening nursing through increased participation in training programs. In Mumbai, India during December 2010, MEMEX II occurred: a 7 day training in disaster preparedness and humanitarian response. This was the first time nurses were included in a separate disaster nursing track to improve skills and knowledge.MethodsThrough Cornell and Columbia Universities; faculty, Indian nurses clinical competencies and disaster theory were strengthened through training in clinical trauma management, CPR, disaster preparedness and drills, public health evaluation, and the disaster cycle. 700 participants from medical, education, government and private/public entities collaborated in the training program, culminating in a large scale disaster drill and needs assessment workshop for high-level stakeholders.ResultsNurses improved emergency clinical skills and gained theoretical disaster knowledge for the first time. Nurses located at the disaster event site gained important insight into the role of Emergency Medical Services, police, fire, and civilian defense during disaster response. Triage skills were improved and an evaluation component enabled vital information to be collected for hospital preparedness. A video was made for future training and for evaluation purposes. Nurses planned to establish coordination networks amongst the 9 hospitals present to regularly review disaster preparedness plans.ConclusionsStrengthening nursing competencies in disaster planning and emergency response is vital to advancing nursing in developing countries and building capacity through global networking. Through a multi-disciplinary approach, professional networks can be formed, disaster plans reviewed and clinical skills improved. Nursing input is vital to hospital and community preparedness and nurses must be included in training programs and needs assessments.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Alignment and Comparative Annotation

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Armstrong ◽  
Ian T. Fiddes ◽  
Mark Diekhans ◽  
Benedict Paten
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genome Alignment ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Gene Level ◽  
Reference Quality ◽  
High Level ◽  
Genome Assemblies ◽  
Different Characteristics

Rapidly improving sequencing technology coupled with computational developments in sequence assembly are making reference-quality genome assembly economical. Hundreds of vertebrate genome assemblies are now publicly available, and projects are being proposed to sequence thousands of additional species in the next few years. Such dense sampling of the tree of life should give an unprecedented new understanding of evolution and allow a detailed determination of the events that led to the wealth of biodiversity around us. To gain this knowledge, these new genomes must be compared through genome alignment (at the sequence level) and comparative annotation (at the gene level). However, different alignment and annotation methods have different characteristics; before starting a comparative genomics analysis, it is important to understand the nature of, and biases and limitations inherent in, the chosen methods. This review is intended to act as a technical but high-level overview of the field that should provide this understanding. We briefly survey the state of the genome alignment and comparative annotation fields and potential future directions for these fields in a new, large-scale era of comparative genomics.

Large-scale Motion of Solar Filaments

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Pavel Ambrož ◽  
Alfred Schroll
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Proper Motion ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Solar Filaments ◽  
General Movement ◽  
Scale Motion ◽  
Velocity Scatter

AbstractPrecise measurements of heliographic position of solar filaments were used for determination of the proper motion of solar filaments on the time-scale of days. The filaments have a tendency to make a shaking or waving of the external structure and to make a general movement of whole filament body, coinciding with the transport of the magnetic flux in the photosphere. The velocity scatter of individual measured points is about one order higher than the accuracy of measurements.

Scheming

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seán Damer
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Housing Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Local Council ◽  
Housing Scheme ◽  
Post War ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Voice ◽  
House Building

This book seeks to explain how the Corporation of Glasgow, in its large-scale council house-building programme in the inter- and post-war years, came to reproduce a hierarchical Victorian class structure. The three tiers of housing scheme which it constructed – Ordinary, Intermediate, and Slum-Clearance – effectively signified First, Second and Third Class. This came about because the Corporation uncritically reproduced the offensive and patriarchal attitudes of the Victorian bourgeoisie towards the working-class. The book shows how this worked out on the ground in Glasgow, and describes the attitudes of both authoritarian housing officials, and council tenants. This is the first time the voice of Glasgow’s council tenants has been heard. The conclusion is that local council housing policy was driven by unapologetic considerations of social class.

A Confrontation between Two Doctrines: The Birth of Struggle for Hegemony in Hebrew Children's Literature during the 1930s and 1940s

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAEL DARR
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
The Political ◽  
Literary Creation ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time ◽  
Literary Quality

This article describes a crucial and fundamental stage in the transformation of Hebrew children's literature, during the late 1930s and 1940s, from a single channel of expression to a multi-layered polyphony of models and voices. It claims that for the first time in the history of Hebrew children's literature there took place a doctrinal confrontation between two groups of taste-makers. The article outlines the pedagogical and ideological designs of traditionalist Zionist educators, and suggests how these were challenged by a group of prominent writers of adult poetry, members of the Modernist movement. These writers, it is argued, advocated autonomous literary creation, and insisted on a high level of literary quality. Their intervention not only dramatically changed the repertoire of Hebrew children's literature, but also the rules of literary discourse. The article suggests that, through the Modernists’ polemical efforts, Hebrew children's literature was able to free itself from its position as an apparatus controlled by the political-educational system and to become a dynamic and multi-layered field.

CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF OESTROGENS IN THE URINE OF WOMEN WITH CANCER OF THE BREAST

1957 ◽  
Vol 24 (3_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S319-S323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz Breuer ◽  
Wolfgang Nocke
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Determination

EINE CHEMISCHE METHODE ZUR BESTIMMUNG VON 16-EPI-ÖSTRIOL IM URIN DES MENSCHEN

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Nocke ◽  
H. Breuer
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Aqueous Alkali ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Maximum Percentage ◽  
Chemical Determination ◽  
Routine Assay ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

ABSTRACT A method for the chemical determination of 16-epi-oestriol in the urine of nonpregnant women with a qualitative sensitivity of less than 0.5 μg/24 h is described. The separation of 16-epi-oestriol and oestriol is accomplished by converting 16-epi-oestriol into its acetonide, a reaction which is stereoselective for cis-glycols and therefore not undergone by oestriol as a trans-glycol. Following partition between chloroform and aqueous alkali, the acetonide of 16-epi-oestriol is completely separated with the organic layer whereas oestriol as a strong phenol remains in the alkaline phase. 16-epi-oestriol is chromatographed on alumina as the acetonide and determined as a Kober chromogen. This procedure can easily be incorporated into the method of Brown et al. (1957 b) thus making possible the simultaneous routine assay of oestradiol-17β, oestrone, oestriol and 16-epi-oestriol from one sample of urine. The specificity of the method was established by separation of 16-epi-oestriol from nonpregnancy urine as the acetonide, hydrolysis of the acetonide by phosphoric acid, isolation of the free compound by microsublimation and identification by micro melting point, colour reactions and chromatography. The accuracy of the method is given by a mean recovery of 64% for pure crystalline 16-epi-oestriol when added to hydrolysed urine in 5–10 μg amounts. The precision is given by s = 0.24 μg/24 h. For the duplicate determination of 16-epi-oestriol the qualitative sensitivity is 0.44 μg/24 h, the maximum percentage error being ± 100% The quantitative sensitivity (±25% error) is 1.7 μg/24 h.

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