Normalizing, Annealing, and Spheroidizing Treatments; Ferrite/Pearlite and Spherical Carbides

2015 ◽  
pp. 277-291
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Ferrite Matrix ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Grain Structures ◽  
Medium Carbon Steels ◽  
Normalizing Annealing ◽  
Strength And Toughness

This chapter describes heat treatments that produce uniform grain structures, reduce residual stresses, and improve ductility and machinability. It also discusses spheroidizing treatments that improve strength and toughness by promoting dispersions of spherical carbides in a ferrite matrix. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the mechanical properties of ferrite/pearlite microstructures in medium-carbon steels.

scholarly journals Study on Spheroidization and Related Heat Treatments of Medium Carbon Alloy Steels

2018 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 02008 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Harisha ◽  
Sathyashankara Sharma ◽  
U. Achutha Kini ◽  
M. C. Gowri Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Medium Carbon Steels ◽  
Alloy Steels

The importance of medium carbon steels as engineering materials is reflected by the fact that out of the vast majority of engineering grade ferrous alloys available and used in the market today, a large proportion of them are from the family of medium carbon steels. Typically medium carbon steels have a carbon range of 0.25 to 0.65% by weight, and a manganese content ranging from 0.060 to 1.65% by weight. Medium carbon steels are more resistive to cutting, welding and forming as compared to low carbon steels. From the last two decades a number of research scholars reported the use of verity of heat treatments to tailor the properties of medium carbon steels. Spheroidizing is the novel industrial heat treatment employed to improve formability and machinability of medium/high carbon low alloy steels. This exclusive study covers procedure, the effects and possible outcomes of various heat treatments on medium carbon steels. In the present work, other related heat treatments like annealing and special treatments for property alterations which serve as pretreatments for spheroidizing are also reviewed. Medium carbon steels with property alterations by various heat treatment processes are finding increased responsiveness in transportation, aerospace, space, underwater along with other variegated fields. Improved tribological and mechanical properties consisting of impact resistance, stiffness, abrasion and strength are the main reasons for the increased attention of these steels in various industries. In the present scenario for the consolidation of important aspects of various heat treatments and effects on mechanical properties of medium carbons steel, a review of different research papers has been attempted. This review may be used as a guide to provide practical data for heat treatment industry, especially as a tool to enhance workability and tool life.

scholarly journals Influence of Vanadium on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium-Carbon Steels for Wheels

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Wang ◽  
Zhaodong Li ◽  
Guobiao Lin ◽  
Shitong Zhou ◽  
Caifu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Precipitation Strengthening ◽  
Austenite Grain Size ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Medium Carbon Steels ◽  
The Impact

Steels used for high-speed train wheels require a combination of high strength, toughness, and wear resistance. In 0.54% C-0.9% Si wheel steel, the addition of 0.075 or 0.12 wt % V can refine grains and increase the ferrite content and toughness, although the influence on the microstructure and toughness is complex and poorly understood. We investigated the effect of 0.03, 0.12, and 0.23 wt % V on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon steels (0.54% C-0.9% Si) for train wheels. As the V content increased, the precipitation strengthening increased, whereas the grain refinement initially increased, and then it remained unchanged. The increase in strength and hardness was mainly due to V(C,N) precipitation strengthening. Increasing the V content to 0.12 wt % refined the austenite grain size and pearlite block size, and increased the density of high-angle ferrite boundaries and ferrite volume fraction. The grain refinement improved the impact toughness. However, the impact toughness then reduced as the V content was increased to 0.23 wt %, because grain refinement did not further increase, whereas precipitation strengthening and ferrite hardening occurred.

Deformation, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture of Quenched and Tempered Carbon Steels

2015 ◽  
pp. 405-437
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Deformation Properties ◽  
Medium Carbon Steels

Abstract Steels with martensitic and tempered martensitic microstructures, though sometimes perceived as brittle, exhibit plasticity and ductile fracture behavior under certain conditions. This chapter describes the alloying and tempering conditions that produce a ductile form of martensite in low-carbon steels. It also discusses the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical behavior and deformation properties of medium-carbon steels.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austempered Medium Carbon Steels

2011 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Suzuki ◽  
Yoshiki Ono ◽  
Goro Miyamoto ◽  
Tadashi Furuhara
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Medium Carbon Steels

Influence of V and N on Transformation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Forging Steels

2010 ◽  
Vol 638-642 ◽  
pp. 3459-3464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Radović ◽  
Ankica Koprivica ◽  
Dragomir Glišić ◽  
Abdunnaser Fadel ◽  
Djordje Drobnjak
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Acicular Ferrite ◽  
Bainitic Ferrite ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Nitrogen Steel ◽  
Ferrite Structure ◽  
Medium Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Nitrogen

The influence of vanadium and nitrogen on microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon steels has been studied by means of metallography and mechanical testing. Vanadium addition to the low nitrogen steel suppresses the formation of ferrite-pearlite following the low reheating temperatures and microstructure consists of bainitic sheaves. Increasing nitrogen at the same vanadium level promotes the acicular ferrite formation. For high reheating temperatures, dominantly acicular ferrite structure in both the low nitrogen and the high nitrogen vanadium steels is obtained. The results suggest that vanadium in solid solution promotes the formation of bainite, whereas the effect of nitrogen is related to the precipitation of VN particles in austenite with high potency for intragranular nucleation of acicular ferrite and to the precipitation of V(C,N) particles in ferrite with high potency for precipitation strengthening. Addition of both vanadium and nitrogen considerably increases the strength level, while CVN20 impact energy increases on changing the microstructure from bainitic ferrite to the fine ferrite-pearlite and acicular ferrite.

Spheroidize Annealing and Mechanical Property Evaluation of AISI 1040 Steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 909 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
S.R. Harisha ◽  
Sathya Shankar Sharma ◽  
U. Achutha Kini
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Medium Carbon Steels

The importance of medium carbon steels as engineering materials is reflected by the fact that out of the vast majority of engineering grade ferrous alloys available and used in the market today, a large proportion of them are from the family of medium carbon steels. Typically medium carbon steels have a carbon range of 0.25 to 0.65% by weight, and a manganese content ranging from 0.060 to 1.65% by weight. Medium carbon steels are more resistive to cutting, welding and forming as compared to low carbon steels. From the last two decades a number of research scholars reported the use of veritiy of heat treatments to tailor the properties of medium carbon steels. Spheroidising is the novel industrial heat treatment employed to improve formability and machinability of medium/high carbon low alloy steels. This exclusive study covers procedure, the effects and possible outcomes of various heat treatments on medium carbon steels. The austenite phase present in steel above the critical temperature has the tendency to form variety of non equilibrium phases depending upon the degree of supercooling or cooling rates. The near spherical or curved shaped carbides records least resistance for machining because the blunt cornered shapes are having least free energy with minimum internal stresses. There is a need to formulate the heat treatment process to tailor the characteristics in line with the application. The age old normalizing treatment provides more nucleation sites required for so that finer spheroids are dispersed in the matrix to improve toughness with balanced bulk hardness related properties to improve machinability. In line with requirements, the heat treatment cycle to balance mechanical and microstructural properties of AISI 1040 structural steel is designed. It is observed that lower spheroidizing temperature gives finer spheroids, more in number with better improvement in toughness whereas higher Spheroidization temperature reduces hardness values with lesser spheroid density, accordingly reduces strength and impact resistance. The balanced improvement in properties may be incorporated for metal removal operations to improve productivity and tool life.

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