Development of Passenger Car Equivalents for Freeways, Two-Lane Highways, and Arterials

1997 ◽  
Vol 1572 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Elefteriadou ◽  
Darren Torbic ◽  
Nathan Webster
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Recreational Vehicles ◽  
The Impact

Passenger car equivalents (PCEs) have been used extensively in the Highway Capacity Manual to establish the impact of trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles on traffic operations. PCEs are currently being used for studying freeways, multilane highways, and two-lane highways. A heavy-vehicle factor is directly given for the impact of heavy vehicles at signalized intersections (and indirectly along arterials). These PCE values are typically based on a limited number of simulations and on older simulation models. In addition, the impact of variables such as traffic flow, truck percentage, truck type (i.e., length and weight/horsepower ratio), grade, and length of grade on PCEs has not been evaluated in depth for all facility types. The methodology for developing PCEs for different truck types for the full range of traffic conditions on freeways, two-lane highways, and arterials is described. Given the scope of this research and the variability of traffic conditions to be examined, simulation was selected as the most appropriate tool. The resulting PCE values for freeways, two-lane highways, and arterials indicated that some variables, such as percentage of trucks, do not always have the expected effect on PCEs, whereas other variables, such as vehicle type, are crucial in the calculations. Generally, major differences in PCEs occurred for the longer and steeper grades. There was great variability in PCE values as a function of the weight/horsepower ratio as well as of vehicle length.

Determining Passenger Car Equivalent for Motorcycle at Mid-Block of Sesetan Road

2015 ◽  
Vol 776 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
I. Gusti Raka Purbanto
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
On The Road

Motorcycle dominates traffic in Bali, particularly in urban roads, which occupy more than 85% of mode share. The three types of vehicles, i.e. motorcycles, heavy and light vehicles share the roadways together. Under mixed traffic conditions, motorcycle may be travelling in between and alongside two consecutive motor vehicles. Considering such a situation, passenger car equivalent values should be examined thoroughly. This study aims to determine passenger car equivalent (PCEs) of motorcycle at mid-block of Sesetan Road. Three approaches are used to examine the PCEs values. This study found that the PCE of motorcycles are in a range between 0.2 and 0.4. This values are about the same to the existing PCE of the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (1997). This study also pointed out that motorcyclists and car drivers may behave differently to the existence of motorcycles. Car drivers are more aware than motorcyclists on the existence of motorcycle on the road. Further, more samples are required to obtain comprehensive results. In addition, the presence of heavy vehicles need to be considered for future study.

scholarly journals Evaluation passenger car unit for motorcycle in Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual (Case study: Bandung and Semarang)

2018 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 06006
Author(s):  
Najid
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Density ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Passenger Car Unit ◽  
Set Up

Value of Passenger Car Unit or commonly known as PCU value is a value that is given to any vehicle that is classified into heavy vehicles, light vehicles (passenger car) and motorcycles. The value of passenger car unit on Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) set up in 1997 is based on a study conducted from 1980-1990 in several cities in Indonesia At the time of the study, the traffic conditions are very different to the current traffic conditions. That affects of difference traffic conditions are the composition of traffic, traffic regulations, traffic density, traffic discipline and the presence of mass transit, so that the results of traffic analysis do not always correspond to reality as there are anomalies in the determination of the level of road service (Najid, 2014). As well the incompatibility of the capacity value which is considered due to the incompatibility value of Passenger Car Units (PCU). Evaluation PCU become very important to get the value of traffic parameters into compliance with actually occur. In accordance with the traffic density is higher actually, then it is necessary to study for evaluation against PCU current value and the need to approach or to get the value of PCU more in line with current traffic conditions. Data collected at two cities, those are Bandung and Semarang. Based on analysis found PCU’s value that got from survey have difference but not all significantly with PCU value in IHCM.

scholarly journals MICROSIMULATION-BASED PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES DRIVING TURBO-ROUNDABOUTS

Transport ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orazio Giuffrè ◽  
Anna Granà ◽  
Sergio Marino ◽  
Fabio Galatioto
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Design ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Scenarios Simulation

Due to its geometric design, turbo-roundabouts impose greatest constraints to the vehicular trajectories; by consequence, one can expect a more unfavourable impact of heavy vehicles on the traffic conditions than on other types of roundabouts. The present paper addresses the question of how to estimate Passenger Car Equivalents (PCEs) for heavy vehicles driving turbo-roundabouts. The microsimulation approach used revealed as a useful tool for evaluating the variation of quality of traffic in presence of mixed fleets (different percentages of heavy vehicles). Based on the output of multiple runs of several scenarios simulation, capacity functions for each entry lane of the turbo-roundabout were developed and variability of the PCEs for heavy vehicles were calculated by comparing results for a fleet of passenger cars only with those of the mixed fleet scenarios. Results show a dependence of PCEs for heavy vehicles on operational conditions, which characterise the turbo-roundabout. Assuming the values of PCEs for roundabouts provided by the 2010 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), depending on entering manoeuvring underestimation and overestimation of the effect of heavy vehicles on the quality of traffic conditions have been found.

Determining the capacity of the Canadian trans-mountain highway system

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-371
Author(s):  
John F. Morrall ◽  
Neville Cameron ◽  
Al Werner
Keyword(s):  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Recreational Vehicles ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
Highway Planning ◽  
Design Hourly Volume ◽  
Selection Of

Trans-mountain highway capacity is sensitive to the percentage of recreational vehicles in the traffic stream, the manner in which passenger car equivalents for recreational vehicles are used in capacity computations, terrain classification, and the choice of design hourly volume. The sensitivity of capacity to these factors is demonstrated for the trans-mountain portion of the Trans-Canada highway which is a two-lane highway, characterized in many locations by long steep grades. This particular highway has a high percentage of recreational vehicles during summer months. The Highway Capacity Manual does not make any provision for the effect of such vehicles and previous highway planning studies have used the adjustment factors for trucks and buses to estimate their effect. Neglecting the effect of recreational vehicles and/or improper use of their passenger car equivalents in capacity computations can result in serious errors in the determination of highway capacity especially in mountainous areas. Further research is required in the areas of terrain definition, selection of design hourly volume, and the present concept of level of service.

Sensitivity Analysis of Speed Limit, Truck Lane Restrictions, and Data Aggregation Level on the HCM-6 Passenger Car Equivalent Estimation Methodology for Western U.S. Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 493-504
Author(s):  
Jianan Zhou ◽  
Laurence Rilett ◽  
Elizabeth Jones
Keyword(s):  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

In the 2016 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM-6), the impact of trucks on freeway operations is measured by passenger car equivalents (PCEs). PCEs are estimated by the equal capacity methodology. The HCM-6 PCE values are based on the assumptions that passenger cars and trucks travel at the same free-flow speed, that they travel on freeways with three lanes per direction, and that they travel in traffic with no more than 25% trucks. On Interstate 80 in western Nebraska, it is observed that the interaction of high truck percentages and large speed differences between passenger cars and trucks may result in moving bottlenecks. It was hypothesized that the current HCM-6 PCEs may be not appropriate for these conditions. A companion paper showed this was true and that the major cause was speed differentials between trucks and passenger cars. In essence, when slow-moving trucks pass each other they create moving bottlenecks, which results in increased PCE values. This paper is an extension to a companion paper and examines a number of issues related to estimation of PCEs. The paper examines the effect of speed limit, truck passing restrictions, and data aggregation interval on PCEs. The results show that: (i) if a higher speed limit is implemented, trucks will affect the passenger cars more severely; (ii) if truck passing is restricted by lane restrictions, the negative impacts of trucks on passenger car operation may be mitigated; and (iii) using a longer data aggregation interval results in lower PCE values, all else being equal.

Freeway Facility Methodology in Highway Capacity Manual 2000

2000 ◽  
Vol 1710 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian S. Eads ◽  
Nagui M. Rouphail ◽  
Adolf D. May ◽  
Fred Hall
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Ramp Metering ◽  
Incident Management ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
First Time

The next edition of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2000) will contain for the first time an operational analysis procedure for directional freeway facilities up to 20 to 25 km long. At the simplest level, this procedure integrates the proposed HCM 2000 methods for the analysis of basic, ramp, and weaving segments to enable the analysis of an entire facility. But the proposed facility methodology goes much further. It allows the user to analyze multiple, contiguous time intervals with timevarying demands and capacities. It can handle both undersaturated and oversaturated traffic conditions (with some limitations). In the latter case, both the spatial and time extent of congestion are estimated. Finally, the method permits the investigation of the effect of many traditional and intelligent transportation system–based freeway improvement strategies such as full or auxiliary lane additions, ramp metering, incident management, and a limited set of high-occupancy-vehicle designs on facility performance. Described here is the conceptual model for and computational steps of the methodology, with emphasis on the components for analysis of oversaturated conditions. The scope and limitations of the methods are also highlighted. Reference is given to a companion paper that describes how the results of the method were validated in the field and how they compared with those obtained from widely used freeway simulation models.

scholarly journals Delay-based Passenger Car Equivalent at Signalized Intersections in Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habibollah Nassiri ◽  
Sara Tabatabaie ◽  
Sina Sahebi
Keyword(s):  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
Traffic Operation

Due to their different sizes and operational characteristics, vehicles other than passenger cars have a different influence on traffic operations especially at intersections. The passenger car equivalent (PCE) is the parameter that shows how many passenger cars must be substituted for a specific heavy vehicle to represent its influence on traffic operation. PCE is commonly estimated using headway-based methods that consider the excess headway utilized by heavy vehicles. In this research, the PCE was estimated based on the delay parameter at three signalized intersections in Tehran, Iran. The data collected were traffic volume, travel time for each movement, signalization, and geometric design information. These data were analysed and three different models, one for each intersection, were constructed and calibrated using TRAF-NETSIM simulation software for unsaturated traffic conditions. PCE was estimated under different scenarios and the number of approach movements at each intersection. The results showed that for approaches with only one movement, PCE varies from 1.1 to 1.65. Similarly, for approaches with two and three movements, the PCE varies from 1.07 to 1.99 and from 0.76 to 3.6, respectively. In addition, a general model was developed for predicting PCE for intersections with all of the movements considered. The results obtained from this model showed that the average PCE of 1.5 is similar to the value recommended by the HCM (Highway Capacity Manual) 1985. However, the predicted PCE value of 1.9 for saturated threshold is closer to the PCE value of 2 which was recommended by the HCM 2000 and HCM 2010.

Alternative Regression Model Structure for the HCM-6 Equal-Capacity Passenger Car Equivalency Methodology

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199582
Author(s):  
Antonio Hurtado-Beltran ◽  
Laurence R. Rilett
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Model Structure ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Equal Capacity

In the current version of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM-6), equal-capacity passenger car equivalencies (EC-PCEs) are used to account for the effect of trucks for capacity analyses. The EC-PCEs for freeway segments were estimated using a microsimulation-based methodology where the capacities of the mixed-traffic and car-only flow scenarios were modeled. A nonlinear regression (NLR) model was used to develop capacity adjustment factor (CAF) models using the microsimulation data as input. The NLR model has a complex model structure and includes 15 model parameters. It is argued in this paper that simpler regression models could provide comparable results. This would allow CAF and EC-PCE equations to be used directly in the HCM-6 rather than tables. It would also allow for the development of new regression models for exploring new technologies such as connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). The objective of this paper was to develop alternative and simpler regression models of CAFs needed to derive the EC-PCE values in the HCM-6 methodology for freeway and multilane highway segments. It was found that simpler regression models provided similar results as those obtained with the current NLR model. Additionally, it was found that the current NLR model may not be adequate for analyzing CAV traffic conditions. If the HCM-6 EC-PCE methodology is expected to be used to analyze traffic conditions beyond the scope of the HCM-6, it is important to perform a deeper assessment of the form and error of the regression models used in fitting the simulated and estimated data.

scholarly journals Measuring Passenger Car Equivalents (PCE) for Heavy Vehicle on Two Lane Highway Segments Operating Under Various Traffic Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Pan Lu ◽  
Zijian Zheng ◽  
Denver Tolliver ◽  
Danguang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Planning ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Transportation Engineering ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent

Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) is essential for transportation engineering to assess heavy vehicles’ (HV) impact on highway operations and capacity planning. Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010) used PCE values and percent of heavy vehicles to account the impacts on both highway planning and operation, however, PCE values in the latest version of HCM derived based on the steady and balanced two-lane-two-way (TLTW) traffic flows. The objective of the study is to identify PCE values for TLTW highway at various traffic volume with an emphasis on congestion conditions. This study introduces an analytical model, combining a headway-based and a delay-based algorithms, for estimating PCEs of HV on a TLTW highway. This study contributes to the literature by providing relationships among PCE, the traffic volume level (TVL) of both lanes, and the TVL duration on a TLTW highway. Traffic volume was categorized into five levels: TVL A (<250 pc/h), TVL B (250–375 pc/h), TVL C (375–600 pc/h), TVL D (600–850 pc/h), and TVL E (>850 pc/h). The results indicate that on a TLTW highway, the TVLs of both lanes and their durations have significant impact on PCE values. In general, PCE values increase as TVL duration increases. Trucks have much higher impacts on operation under unbalanced conditions of TVL A with D, TVL B with C, and TVL D with B, when duration time is greater than one hour. When both lanes are saturated, trucks’ effect on capacity diminishes over time, and PCE values are approaching to 1.0.

scholarly journals PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENT AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS WITH COUNTDOWN TIMER IN MALANG CITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Dikka Anggoro ◽  
Harnen Sulistio ◽  
Achmad Wicaksono ◽  
Sonya Sulistyono
Keyword(s):  
Video Camera ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Heavy Vehicle ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Digital Video Camera ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent

Passenger car equivalents (PCE) is used in highway capacity analysis to convert a mixed vehicle flow into an equvalent passenger car flow. PCE value for a vehicle is not constant but varies with traffic and roadway conditions arround. In this study, PCE for motorcycle, light vehicle and heavy vehicle were developed at signalized intersection on saturation condition with and without countdown timer (CDT) in Malang City and to evaluate the value of analysis pcu and MKJI 1997 pcu. PCE data were collected at five intersection; Ciliwung, Dieng, BCA, L.A. Sucipto and Rampal intersection. A digital video camera was utilized for data collection and linier regresion method was used to calculate the PCE values. The analysis result shows for the average pcu value for the type of motorcycle (MC) at countdown timer on and off condition is 0,294 and 0,293. As for the types of heavy vehicles (HV) at countdown timer on and off conditions are 1.565 and 1.507. While to evaluate the pcu value, there is a significant difference between the value of pcu analysis results with the value of MKJI 1997 with a level of confidence in the significance of 95%. For percentage of motorcylce type (MC) if the percentage value of 75% the pcu value will increase. While for heavy vehicle type (HV) if the percentage is above 1.5% then the value of emp will increase because HV type has big dimension. Ekivalensi mobil penumpang (emp) digunakan untuk analisis kapasitas jalan. Nilai emp untuk kendaraan tidaklah konstan atau sama tetapi memiliki nilai yang bervariasi. Pada penelitian ini mencari nilai emp untuk jenis kendaraan sepeda motor (MC) dan kendaraan berat (HV) pada simpang bersinyal pada kondisi jenuh dengan menggunakan countdown timer (CDT) pada kondisi on dan off.  Data nilai emp dikumpulkan pada lima simpang di Kota Malang; Simpang Ciliwung, Dieng, BCA, L.A. Sucipto dan Rampal. Video kamera digunakan untuk merekam dan pengumpulan data dan untuk menghitung nilai emp menggunakan metode regresi linier. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa nilai rata-rata untuk sepeda motor pada kondisi CDT on dan off ialah 0,294 dan 0,293. Sedangkan untuk kendaraan berat (HV) untuk kondisi CDT on dan off ialah 1,565 dan 1,507. Sedangkan untuk evaluasi nilai emp terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan diantara nilai emp hasil analisis dengan nilai emp MKJI 1997 dengan tingkat kepercayaan sebesar 95%. Untuk persentase jenis MC, apabila persen kendaraan bermotor meningkat sebesar 75% maka nilai empnya akan meningkat. Sedangkan untuk HV, apabila persen kendaraan berat (HV) meningkat sebesar 1,5% maka nilai empnya akan meningkat dikarenakan dimensi yang besar.

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