Pretest-Posttest Strategy for Researching Neighborhood-Scale Urban Form and Travel Behavior

2000 ◽  
Vol 1722 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Krizek
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Neighborhood Scale ◽  
The Impact

Communities are increasingly looking to land use planning strategies based on a less auto-dependent urban form to reduce the need for travel, especially drive-alone travel. In recent years, several studies have attempted to test the impact urban form has on travel behavior to determine if such designs are warranted. The results of these studies are mixed because of several shortcomings. Some shortcomings can be attributed to data availability; others are a product of the techniques used to characterize urban form or travel. Still other shortcomings are embedded in the strategies employed, using cross-sectional travel data and correlating travel outcomes with urban form. The line of research is being extended, aimed at isolating the influence of urban form on travel behavior; a new research strategy is presented using longitudinal travel data in concert with detailed measures of travel behavior and urban form. Data sources from the Puget Sound are described and a research strategy is presented that permits a pretest-posttest analysis of households’ travel behavior before and after they changed residential location. Early results show few changes in household travel behavior after a move, suggesting that attitudes toward travel are firmly entrenched and postmove travel provides little insight into how changes in urban form affect travel. Although a pretest-posttest makes valiant strides in shedding new light on the matter, the complex phenomenon being addressed requires myriad approaches. More comprehensive research techniques and even research approaches based on different different traditions are much needed to better understand how urban form and travel interact.

scholarly journals Land Use Planning and Wildlife-Inflicted Crop Damage in Zambia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitelo Subakanya ◽  
Gelson Tembo ◽  
Robert B. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Current Drive ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Game Management ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict

Damage to crops from wildlife interference is a common threat to food security among rural communities in or near Game Management Areas (GMAs) in Zambia. This study uses a two-stage econometric model and cross-sectional data from a survey of 2,769 households to determine the impact of land use planning on the probability and extent of wildlife-inflicted crop damage. The results show that crop damage is higher in GMAs as compared to non-GMAs, and that land use planning could be an effective tool to significantly reduce the likelihood of such damage. These findings suggest that there is merit in the current drive to develop and implement land use plans as means to minimize human-wildlife conflict such as crop damage. This is especially critical as Zambian conservation policies do not have an explicit provision for compensation in the event of damage from wildlife.

Is compact city livable? The impact of compact versus sprawled neighbourhoods on neighbourhood satisfaction

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 2408-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostas Mouratidis
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Compact City ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Transport Accessibility ◽  
Neighbourhood Satisfaction ◽  
The Impact

Low-density urban forms are often considered more livable than compact ones. Yet, studies investigating the relationship between compact cities and livability do not take into consideration the importance of public transport, accessibility and mix of land uses along with high densities. Moreover, direct comparisons of livability between the compact city and its alternative, urban sprawl, are scarce, and even more so in a European context. Investigating the metropolitan area of Oslo, which encompasses both compact and sprawled areas, this study examines the impact of the compact city on livability by employing neighbourhood satisfaction as a livability measure. Three different methods are used: cross-sectional regression analysis, longitudinal comparisons and qualitative analysis. Cross-sectional results indicate that compact-city residents are significantly more satisfied with their neighbourhood than those who live in sprawled neighbourhoods, even after controlling for sociodemographic and other variables. Longitudinal analysis based on residents who have lived in both neighbourhood types confirms this finding. This study also examines the impact of compactness within a wider range of urban form typologies and finds that the higher the density, the higher the neighbourhood satisfaction. Important components of the compact city – public transport, accessibility to city centre and land use mix – demonstrate a positive association with neighbourhood satisfaction. Findings from this study suggest that, when common urban problems are addressed, and when planned to integrate all its essential characteristics, the compact city has a positive influence on livability.

Travel Behavior as Function of Accessibility, Land Use Mixing, and Land Use Balance: Evidence from San Francisco Bay Area

1997 ◽  
Vol 1607 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Maria Kockelman
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Relative Significance ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
The Impact

The relative significance and influence of a variety of measures of urban form on household vehicle kilometers traveled, automobile ownership, and mode choice were investigated. The travel data came from the 1990 San Francisco Bay Area travel surveys, and the land use data were largely constructed from hectare-level descriptions provided by the Association of Bay Area Governments. After demographic characteristics were controlled for, the measures of accessibility, land use mixing, and land use balance—computed for trip-makers’ home neighborhoods and at trip ends—proved to be highly statistically significant and influential in their impact on all measures of travel behavior. In many cases, balance, mix, and accessibility were found to be more relevant (as measured by elasticities) than several household and traveler characteristics that often form a basis for travel behavior prediction. In contrast, under all but the vehicle ownership models, the impact of density was negligible after accessibility was controlled.

Land-Use Planning and the Housing Market in Britain: The Impact on Housebuilding and House Prices

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1021-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Bramley
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Variable Function ◽  
Planning Function ◽  
Private Housing ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the British style of land-use planning upon the outcomes of private housing development and the housing market is examined. A unique cross-sectional database is constructed, and the medium-term elasticity of new housebuilding supply is estimated as a locally variable function of prices, costs, and land supply, with an explicit planning function. The model developed enables quantified projections to be made of the effect of specified changes in planning policy. The policy changes examined include large-scale increases in the volume of land released, changes in the mix of land released, and the use of planning agreements to pay for infrastructure or social housing.

Short- and Long-Term Effects of Land Use on Reducing Personal Vehicle Miles of Travel

2015 ◽  
Vol 2500 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjia Zhang ◽  
Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vehicle Miles Of Travel

While voluminous empirical studies have examined the impact of land use on travel behavior, few have relied on longitudinal data and an analytical approach. With data from two activity travel surveys (1997 and 2006) conducted in Austin, Texas, this paper develops a longitudinal multilevel model for estimating the change in the effect of land use on vehicle miles of travel (VMT) over time and the long-range land use effect on VMT reduction. Results suggest that the influences of land use mixture and street density on VMT would vary between 2 years. The effects of VMT reduction on land use policies by raising population and street densities are salient in the short run but insignificant in the long run, whereas those of mixed-use policies are even larger in the long run. These findings validate the importance of longitudinal data and analysis in land use–travel studies and suggest that the short-run elasticity of land use derived from cross-sectional analyses may be inappropriate for assessing the long-run effect of land use–based mobility strategies for reducing VMT.

scholarly journals Vehicle miles traveled and the built environment: New evidence from panel data

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-48
Author(s):  
Keith Ihlanfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Vehicle Miles Traveled ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Evidence

There has been considerable interest in the impact that the built environment has on vehicle miles traveled (VMT). While this issue has been extensively researched, due to the heavy reliance on cross-sectional data, there remains uncertainty regarding how effective local land-use planning and regulation might be in reducing VMT. Based on a 13-year panel of Florida counties, models are estimated that relate VMT to new measures of the spatial distribution of alternative land uses within counties and county urban expansion. Identification of causal effects is established by including year and county fixed effects, along with an extensive set of control variables, and instrumenting those land uses that may be endogenous. Incremental annual changes in the spatial concentration of alternative land uses are found to affect VMT. The policy implication is that appropriate land-use policy can reduce VMT and should be considered part of the strategy for dealing with the problem of global warming.

scholarly journals Land Use Planning and Wildlife-Inflicted Crop Damage in Zambia

Environments ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Mitelo Subakanya ◽  
Gelson Tembo ◽  
Robert Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Current Drive ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Game Management ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict

Damage to crops from wildlife interference is a common threat to food security among rural communities in or near Game Management Areas (GMAs) in Zambia. This study uses a two-stage model and cross-sectional data from a survey of 2769 households to determine the impact of land use planning on the probability and extent of wildlife-inflicted crop damage. The results show that crop damage is higher in GMAs as compared to non-GMAs, and that land use planning could be an effective tool to significantly reduce the likelihood of such damage. These findings suggest that there is merit in the current drive to develop and implement land use plans to minimize human-wildlife conflict such as crop damage. This is especially critical as Zambian conservation policies do not explicitly provide compensation for damage caused by wildlife.

scholarly journals Women in the boardroom and their impact on climate change related disclosure

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Hossain ◽  
Omar Al Farooque ◽  
Mahmood Ahmed Momin ◽  
Obaid Almotairy
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Women Directors ◽  
Board Size ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationship between gender diversity and the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) score/index. Specifically, the study describes extant research on theoretical perspectives, and the impact of women on corporate boards (WOBs) on carbon emission issues in the global perspective. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the carbon disclosure scores of the CDP from 2011 to 2013 (inclusive). A total observation for the three-year periods is 1,175 companies. However, based on data availability for the model, the sample size totals 331 companies in 33 countries with firms in 12 geographical locations. The authors used a model which is estimated using the fixed-effects estimator. Findings The outcomes of the study reveal that there is a positive relationship between gender diversity (WOB) and carbon disclosure information. In addition to establishing a relationship between CDP score and other control variables, this study also found a relationship with Board size, asset size, energy consumption and Tobin’s Q, which is common in the existing literature. Research limitations/implications The limitations of the study mostly revolve around samples and the time period. To further test the generalizability and cross-sectional validity of the outcomes, it is suggested that the proposed framework be tested in more socially responsible firms. Practical implications There are increasing pressures for WOBs from diverse stakeholders, such as the European Commission, national governments, politicians, employer lobby groups, shareholders, Fortune and Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) rankings and best places for women to work lists. The study offers insights to policy makers implementing gender quota legislation. Originality/value The study has important implications for putting into practice good corporate governance and, in particular, gender diversity. The outcomes of the analyses advocate that companies that included women directors and had a smaller board size may expect to achieve a higher level of carbon emission performance and to voluntarily disclose the level of carbon information assessment requested by the CDP.

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