Sorting Peanuts by Pod Density to Improve Quality and Kernel Maturity Distribution and to Reduce Aflatoxin1

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Rucker ◽  
C. K. Kvien ◽  
K. Calhoun ◽  
R. J. Henning ◽  
P. E. Koehler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Dense Fraction ◽  
Gravity Separator ◽  
Maturity Groups

Abstract Peanut maturity and several peanut quality factors are closely related. An examination of peanut physical properties revealed that by sorting farmer-stock peanuts into pod density classes before shelling, the maturity distributions within shelled-stock classes can be manipulated. An unsorted sample of farmer-stock peanut having an initial maturity distribution in No. 1 kernels of 66% immature, 23% mid-mature and 11% mature was sorted using a gravity separator into four pod-density fractions ranging from 98% immature and 2% mid-mature in the least dense fraction to 8% immature, 43% mid-mature and 49% mature in the most dense fraction. Along with improvements in maturity distributions, we also found that the higher test weight fractions (higher pod density) had less aflatoxin and a greater percentage of large kernels than did the low test weight fractions. Many density sorting devices were tested, including air columns, pod cleaners, and gravity tables. All of these devices were capable of sorting pods into maturity groups, but the gravity table was the most precise.

Improving the Accuracy of Electronic Moisture Meters for Runner-Type Peanuts

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
M. C. Lamb ◽  
C. L. Butts ◽  
P. D. Blankenship
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Mathematical Function ◽  
Peanut Kernel ◽  
Calibration Equation ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Weight Data

ABSTRACT Runner-type peanut kernel moisture content (MC) is measured periodically during curing and post harvest processing with electronic moisture meters for marketing and quality control. MC is predicted for 250 g samples of kernels with a mathematical function from measurements of various physical properties. To examine the accuracy of the function used in the Dickey-john GAC2100 for measuring MC of runner-type peanuts, 421 samples were measured with the meter and compared to oven MC data subsequently determined using ASAE Standard S410.1. Peanut moisture content for the peanuts according to the meter averaged 19.1% with a SD of 15.4%. Oven moisture contents had a mean of 17.3% and a SD of 8.5%. Means were significantly different (P  =  0.001). A calibration equation was derived from capacitance, conductance, temperature, and test weight data provided by the meter and compared to oven MC data. Moisture contents calculated from the calibration equation had a 17.3% mean and an 8.5% SD equaling values for oven determined moisture contents. Results of the study indicate that the accuracy of the meter in predicting moisture content can be improved considerably utilizing currently collected data and the derived calibration equation developed.

Differences in Kernel Shape, Size, and Density between Healthy Kernels and Mold Discolored Kernels and their Relationship to Reduction in Aflatoxin Levels in a Sample of Shelled Corn

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Shi ◽  
Richard L Stroshine ◽  
Klein Ileleji
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Round Hole ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Density Distributions ◽  
Density Analysis ◽  
Corn Processing ◽  
Corn Kernels ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Unacceptably high levels of aflatoxin in shelled corn drastically reduce its market value and result in substantial economic losses. This study looked at the reduction in aflatoxin levels that could be achieved by removal of kernels discolored by mold and presumed to contain aflatoxin. The study related kernel physical characteristics to the reduction achieved using screening and density separation techniques which are currently in use in the grain industry. Physical properties of corn kernels discolored by mold and healthy corn kernels were determined in a sample taken from a 737 kg corn lot known to have relatively high levels of aflatoxin. Properties measured included kernel diameters, sphericity, and kernel density. Differences between discolored and healthy kernels in major diameter, minor diameter, sphericity, and density were statistically significant. Tests were also conducted at a commercial inbred seed corn processing facility using a screen cleaner and a gravity table. Removal of fine material (approximately 10% by weight) reduced aflatoxin levels by 84%. In two successive passes through a screen cleaner, removal of smaller kernels and kernel pieces with a round-hole sieve further reduced aflatoxin levels by 1.8% and 9.4%, respectively. After the smaller kernels and kernel pieces were added back to the lot, two successive passes through a gravity table reduced aflatoxin levels by 12.6% and 16.4%, respectively. Kernel density distributions of a sample taken before gravity table density sorting, and of samples of the higher and lower density fractions after sorting, were also determined. The effect of screening with a slotted sieve was studied by screening a 3 kg sample from the corn lot using a table top Clipper cleaner. This 3 kg sample had been previously screened to remove fines. The results indicate that, at least for some corn lots, aflatoxin levels can be reduced using a screen cleaner and a gravity table. The authors also concluded that insight into the effectiveness of aflatoxin reduction in corn by size and density sorting could be gained by conducting a size and density analysis on a representative sample of kernels taken from the corn being sorted. Keywords: Aflatoxin, Corn, Density, Gravity table, Physical properties, Screening, Sieves.

scholarly journals The unique red cell heterogeneity of SC disease: crystal formation, dense reticulocytes, and unusual morphology

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 2104-2112 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Lawrence ◽  
ME Fabry ◽  
RL Nagel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Compound Heterozygote ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Heterogeneity ◽  
Billiard Ball ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Dense Fraction ◽  
Dramatic Shift

Abstract Knowledge concerning SS (homozygous for the beta s gene) red blood cell (RBC) heterogeneity has been useful for understanding the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia. No equivalent information exists for RBCs of the compound heterozygote for the beta s and beta c genes (SC) RBCs. These RBCs are known to be denser than most cells in normal blood and even most cells in SS blood (Fabry et al, J Clin Invest 70:1284, 1981). We have analyzed the characteristics of SC RBC heterogeneity and find that: (1) SC cells exhibit unusual morphologic features, particularly the tendency for membrane “folding” (multifolded, unifolded, and triangular shapes are all common); (2) SC RBCs containing crystals and some containing round hemoglobin (Hb) aggregates (billiard-ball cells) are detectable in circulating SC blood; (3) in contrast to normal reticulocytes, which are found mainly in a low-density RBC fraction, SC reticulocytes are found in the densest SC RBC fraction; and (4) both deoxygenation and replacement of extracellular Cl- by NO3- (both inhibitors of K:Cl cotransport) led to moderate depopulation of the dense fraction and a dramatic shift of the reticulocytes to lower density fractions. We conclude that the RBC heterogeneity of SC disease is very different from that of SS disease. The major contributions of properties introduced by HbC are “folded” RBCs, intracellular crystal formation in circulating SC cells, and apparently a very active K:Cl cotransporter that leads to unusually dense reticulocytes.

Fibre Quality Factors in Papermaking — I The Importance of Fibre Length and Strength

1990 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Seth
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Fibre Strength ◽  
Fibre Quality ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Structural And Optical Properties ◽  
Independent Effects

ABSTRACTIndependent effects of fibre length and strength on the properties of pulp, and on the physical properties of the dry sheets have been demonstrated. Apart from improving formation, which indirectly influences many sheet properties, reducing fibre length has little direct effect on the sheet structural and optical properties, but does reduce mechanical properties. The loss in fibre strength also has little direct effect on the sheet structural and optical properties, but severely reduces those mechanical properties which are controlled by the breaking of fibres. Implications for market pulps are discussed.

scholarly journals The unique red cell heterogeneity of SC disease: crystal formation, dense reticulocytes, and unusual morphology

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 2104-2112
Author(s):  
C Lawrence ◽  
ME Fabry ◽  
RL Nagel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Compound Heterozygote ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Heterogeneity ◽  
Billiard Ball ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Dense Fraction ◽  
Dramatic Shift

Knowledge concerning SS (homozygous for the beta s gene) red blood cell (RBC) heterogeneity has been useful for understanding the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia. No equivalent information exists for RBCs of the compound heterozygote for the beta s and beta c genes (SC) RBCs. These RBCs are known to be denser than most cells in normal blood and even most cells in SS blood (Fabry et al, J Clin Invest 70:1284, 1981). We have analyzed the characteristics of SC RBC heterogeneity and find that: (1) SC cells exhibit unusual morphologic features, particularly the tendency for membrane “folding” (multifolded, unifolded, and triangular shapes are all common); (2) SC RBCs containing crystals and some containing round hemoglobin (Hb) aggregates (billiard-ball cells) are detectable in circulating SC blood; (3) in contrast to normal reticulocytes, which are found mainly in a low-density RBC fraction, SC reticulocytes are found in the densest SC RBC fraction; and (4) both deoxygenation and replacement of extracellular Cl- by NO3- (both inhibitors of K:Cl cotransport) led to moderate depopulation of the dense fraction and a dramatic shift of the reticulocytes to lower density fractions. We conclude that the RBC heterogeneity of SC disease is very different from that of SS disease. The major contributions of properties introduced by HbC are “folded” RBCs, intracellular crystal formation in circulating SC cells, and apparently a very active K:Cl cotransporter that leads to unusually dense reticulocytes.

scholarly journals Variability in Some Physical Properties of Vertisols of Three Permanent Bench Mark Sites under Rice-wheat Cropping System in Jabalpur District, Madhya Pradesh, in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
Rohit Kumar Pandey ◽  
H. K. Rai ◽  
A. K. Upadhyay ◽  
A. K. Dwivedi ◽  
K. K. Agrawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Bench Mark ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
Main Plot

The study was carried out for vertical characterization of soils at three permanent benchmark sites (Udna, Khamaria and Magarmuha) of Jabalpur district for their physical properties under the Rice-Wheat cropping system. Variability in the proportion of primary soil particles (texture), bulk density, distribution of different sized soil aggregates and mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates along the depths were studied as these influence the water and nutrients retention and release behaviour of soil. A total of 45 undisturbed soil samples were collected from selected sites at 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm depths and brought to the laboratory for their characterization and the data thus obtained were analysed in split-plot design taking sites as main plot and depth as sub-plot treatments. Results showed that variability in the sand, silt and clay contents, bulk density, fractions of different size soil aggregate (>5.0, 5.0-2.0, 2.0-1.0, 1.0-0.5,0.5-0.25,0.25-0.1  and <0.10 mm) and mean weight diameter of soil aggregates were significant across the sites and soil depths. However, the interaction effect of sites and soil depth on the above properties was found non-significant except for fraction of < 0.1 mm size aggregate. It has been analysed from the study that sand, silt and clay contents, bulk density, fractions of different size aggregate and mean weight diameter of soil aggregates vary significantly (ρ=0.05)  at spatially and vertically.

scholarly journals Acid pH induces formation of dense cells in sickle erythrocytes

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Brugnara ◽  
T Van Ha ◽  
DC Tosteson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cell Shrinkage ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Kcl Cotransport ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Sickle Erythrocytes ◽  
Dense Fraction ◽  
Cotransport System ◽  
Constant Cell ◽  
Ph Dependent

When erythrocytes from patients homozygous for hemoglobin S (SS) are swollen or exposed to pH less than 7.40, they lose K, Cl, and water through a volume and pH-dependent KCl cotransport system. We report that carbon monoxide-treated SS cells become progressively denser when incubated for eight to 12 hours in media with pH less than 7.40 (7.3 to 7.0) at constant cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG). This phenomenon is maximal in fresh SS cells from the top and middle density fractions, and is absent in cells from the densest fraction. When AA cells are separated according to density, acid pH induces cell shrinkage in the least dense fraction of AA cells, which has considerable KCl cotransport, but produces no change in cell density in the densest fractions of AA erythrocyte, which have no KCl cotransport. These data suggest that dense cells can form in oxygenated SS erythrocytes when the KCl cotransport system is activated by acidification.

scholarly journals Acid pH induces formation of dense cells in sickle erythrocytes

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Brugnara ◽  
T Van Ha ◽  
DC Tosteson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cell Shrinkage ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Kcl Cotransport ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Sickle Erythrocytes ◽  
Dense Fraction ◽  
Cotransport System ◽  
Constant Cell ◽  
Ph Dependent

Abstract When erythrocytes from patients homozygous for hemoglobin S (SS) are swollen or exposed to pH less than 7.40, they lose K, Cl, and water through a volume and pH-dependent KCl cotransport system. We report that carbon monoxide-treated SS cells become progressively denser when incubated for eight to 12 hours in media with pH less than 7.40 (7.3 to 7.0) at constant cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG). This phenomenon is maximal in fresh SS cells from the top and middle density fractions, and is absent in cells from the densest fraction. When AA cells are separated according to density, acid pH induces cell shrinkage in the least dense fraction of AA cells, which has considerable KCl cotransport, but produces no change in cell density in the densest fractions of AA erythrocyte, which have no KCl cotransport. These data suggest that dense cells can form in oxygenated SS erythrocytes when the KCl cotransport system is activated by acidification.

The Photometric Properties of the Ap Stars

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 365-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hauck
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Ap Stars

The Ap stars are numerous - the photometric systems tool It would be very tedious to review in detail all that which is in the literature concerning the photometry of the Ap stars. In my opinion it is necessary to examine the problem of the photometric properties of the Ap stars by considering first of all the possibility of deriving some physical properties for the Ap stars, or of detecting new ones. My talk today is prepared in this spirit. The classification by means of photoelectric photometric systems is at the present time very well established for many systems, such as UBV, uvbyβ, Vilnius, Geneva and DDO systems. Details and methods of classification can be found in Golay (1974) or in the proceedings of the Albany Colloquium edited by Philip and Hayes (1975).

The Infection of Cells by Bullet-Shaped Viruses

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
Frederick A. Murphy ◽  
Alyne K. Harrison ◽  
Sylvia G. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Thin Section Electron Microscopy ◽  
Section Electron ◽  
Section Electron Microscopy

The bullet-shaped viruses are currently classified together on the basis of similarities in virion morphology and physical properties. Biologically and ecologically the member viruses are extremely diverse. In searching for further bases for making comparisons of these agents, the nature of host cell infection, both in vivo and in cultured cells, has been explored by thin-section electron microscopy.

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