Separation equipment with increased well fluids separation capacity

Separation technique and technology improving to increase well production fluids separation effect is an important issue in the field of petroleum production and treatment. Due to the change in the size of separator containers, the increase in the separation equipment productivity has reached its maximum capabilities, and subsequent work in this direction is difficult and unjustified. Studying the gas-liquid flows movement in the separator, the in-package and in-rotor flows impact, changes in package design, the process of the dispersed phase and the flotation effect destruction will allow us to create a technological and technical basis for separation equipment performance ensuring in the future. Because of the study, the design of the apparatus with the best well production fluids separation was pro-posed, the use of which ensures the separation and dense fraction removal the through the discharge opening efficiency. Based on the presented research, a prototype apparatus was developed and machined.

To the Macro-morphology of the Stomach in Red Deer

Reindeer antler breeding in Altai is a promising industry. Dietary meat and antlers, which are used in Oriental medicine, are received from red deer. In this regard, the study of the morphology of red deer and in particular its digestive system is relevant. The digestive system provides the body with nutrients and energy. Red deer have a four-chamber stomach. 1 – Rumen is the largest part of the stomach, it is used for hydrolysis of feed. It consists of mucous, muscular and serous membranes. The mucous membrane has papillae. 2 – The reticulum is a small part, there are cells on the inner surface, it performs the function of sorting the feed. 3 The omasum separates the liquid fraction of the feed from the dense fraction, has inside flat outgrowths. 4 In the abomasum, the same processes occur as in the single-chambered stomach. The stomach doesn’t develop evenly. Stomach chambers grow most intensively up to 6 months and then up to 2 years. Then their growth energy decreases, the growth is doubtful.

Distribution Spectrum of Paraoxonase Activity in HDL Fractions

Background: Paraoxonase (PON1) associated with HDL can be regarded as a cardio- and vasoprotective enzyme. However, because HDL is not a homogeneous fraction, it is important to investigate in which subgroups of HDL active PON1 is located. It would also be useful to determine density profiles of the HDL apolipoproteins (Apo) E and J. Methods: We investigated the density range of HDL (ρ = 1.063–1.256 kg/L) in healthy individuals, using the ultracentrifugation reference method and a newly introduced automated fractionation method. Profiles of PON1 activity and ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoE, ApoJ, and cholesterol concentrations were obtained by use of various density gradients. Results: PON1 activity was highest in the more dense HDL3 and VHDL fractions where PON1 was not dissociated from the particles during centrifugation. The fraction in density range 1.175–1.185 kg/L showed not only the highest PON1 activity, but also the highest specific activity (activity per HDL particle). This fraction was the least-dense fraction containing both ApoE and ApoJ. Only the Q192R polymorphism had an effect on the distribution profile of PON1 activity. In contrast, L55M and the T(−107)C polymorphisms (determined by a novel nonradioactive method) were without effect on the density distribution of PON1 activity. Conclusion: The HDL3 fraction, which is important in reverse cholesterol transport, also carries the highest PON1 activity.

Regulation of K-Cl cotransport during reticulocyte maturation and erythrocyte aging in normal and sickle erythrocytes

The age/density-dependent decrease in K-Cl cotransport (KCC), PP1 and PP2A activities in normal and sickle human erythrocytes, and the effect of urea, a known KCC activator, were studied using discontinuous, isotonic gradients. In normal erythrocytes, the densest fraction (d ∼33.4 g/dl) has only about ∼5% of the KCC and 4% of the membrane (mb)-PP1 activities of the least-dense fraction (d ∼24.7 g/dl). In sickle and normal erythrocytes, density-dependent decreases for mb-PP1 activity were similar (d50% 28.1 ± 0.4 vs. 27.2 ± 0.2 g/dl, respectively), whereas those for KCC activity were not (d50% 31.4 ± 0.9 vs. 26.8 ± 0.3 g/dl, respectively, P = 0.004). Excluding the 10% least-dense cells, a very tight correlation exists between KCC and mb-PP1 activities in normal ( r2 = 0.995) and sickle erythrocytes ( r2 = 0.93), but at comparable mb-PP1 activities, KCC activity is higher in sickle erythrocytes, suggesting a defective, mb-PP1-independent KCC regulation. In normal, least-dense but not in densest cells, urea stimulates KCC (two- to fourfold) and moderately increases mb-PP1 (20–40%). Thus mb-PP1 appears to mediate part of urea-stimulated KCC activity.

K(+)-Cl- cotransport and volume regulation in the light and the dense fraction of high-K+ dog red blood cells

We examined a chloride (Cl-)-dependent K+ transport (K(+)-Cl- cotransport) and regulatory volume decrease in dog red blood cells with high K+, low Na+, and high glutathione (GSH) content (HK/HG) due to the presence of an Na(+)-K+ pump. The HK/HG cells were separated according to their density, and the age-marker enzyme activities, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and cholinesterase, were determined. Unexpectedly, we found that young cells were heavier (more dense) and smaller in size compared with the old cells, which were lighter (less dense) and larger. The K(+)-Cl- cotransport was nearly 10-fold higher in the most dense cells, representing a 12% fraction of the total population compared with the lightest cohort. Although K(+)-Cl- cotransport in both the dense and the light cells was activated by N-ethylmaleimide, swelling and depletion of cellular divalent cations and the activation of the transport in the dense cells was greater. Both the dense and light cells regulated their volume when they were isosmotically swollen. Therefore, the lower activity of K(+)-Cl- cotransport might not explain the relative large volume in old HK/HG cells. The concentration of GSH and glutamate was higher in the light cells. Thus the higher the GSH and glutamate concentration, the greater the cell volume and the lower the K(+)-Cl- cotransport.

Sorting Peanuts by Pod Density to Improve Quality and Kernel Maturity Distribution and to Reduce Aflatoxin1

Peanut maturity and several peanut quality factors are closely related. An examination of peanut physical properties revealed that by sorting farmer-stock peanuts into pod density classes before shelling, the maturity distributions within shelled-stock classes can be manipulated. An unsorted sample of farmer-stock peanut having an initial maturity distribution in No. 1 kernels of 66% immature, 23% mid-mature and 11% mature was sorted using a gravity separator into four pod-density fractions ranging from 98% immature and 2% mid-mature in the least dense fraction to 8% immature, 43% mid-mature and 49% mature in the most dense fraction. Along with improvements in maturity distributions, we also found that the higher test weight fractions (higher pod density) had less aflatoxin and a greater percentage of large kernels than did the low test weight fractions. Many density sorting devices were tested, including air columns, pod cleaners, and gravity tables. All of these devices were capable of sorting pods into maturity groups, but the gravity table was the most precise.

The unique red cell heterogeneity of SC disease: crystal formation, dense reticulocytes, and unusual morphology

Knowledge concerning SS (homozygous for the beta s gene) red blood cell (RBC) heterogeneity has been useful for understanding the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia. No equivalent information exists for RBCs of the compound heterozygote for the beta s and beta c genes (SC) RBCs. These RBCs are known to be denser than most cells in normal blood and even most cells in SS blood (Fabry et al, J Clin Invest 70:1284, 1981). We have analyzed the characteristics of SC RBC heterogeneity and find that: (1) SC cells exhibit unusual morphologic features, particularly the tendency for membrane “folding” (multifolded, unifolded, and triangular shapes are all common); (2) SC RBCs containing crystals and some containing round hemoglobin (Hb) aggregates (billiard-ball cells) are detectable in circulating SC blood; (3) in contrast to normal reticulocytes, which are found mainly in a low-density RBC fraction, SC reticulocytes are found in the densest SC RBC fraction; and (4) both deoxygenation and replacement of extracellular Cl- by NO3- (both inhibitors of K:Cl cotransport) led to moderate depopulation of the dense fraction and a dramatic shift of the reticulocytes to lower density fractions. We conclude that the RBC heterogeneity of SC disease is very different from that of SS disease. The major contributions of properties introduced by HbC are “folded” RBCs, intracellular crystal formation in circulating SC cells, and apparently a very active K:Cl cotransporter that leads to unusually dense reticulocytes.

The unique red cell heterogeneity of SC disease: crystal formation, dense reticulocytes, and unusual morphology

Knowledge concerning SS (homozygous for the beta s gene) red blood cell (RBC) heterogeneity has been useful for understanding the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia. No equivalent information exists for RBCs of the compound heterozygote for the beta s and beta c genes (SC) RBCs. These RBCs are known to be denser than most cells in normal blood and even most cells in SS blood (Fabry et al, J Clin Invest 70:1284, 1981). We have analyzed the characteristics of SC RBC heterogeneity and find that: (1) SC cells exhibit unusual morphologic features, particularly the tendency for membrane “folding” (multifolded, unifolded, and triangular shapes are all common); (2) SC RBCs containing crystals and some containing round hemoglobin (Hb) aggregates (billiard-ball cells) are detectable in circulating SC blood; (3) in contrast to normal reticulocytes, which are found mainly in a low-density RBC fraction, SC reticulocytes are found in the densest SC RBC fraction; and (4) both deoxygenation and replacement of extracellular Cl- by NO3- (both inhibitors of K:Cl cotransport) led to moderate depopulation of the dense fraction and a dramatic shift of the reticulocytes to lower density fractions. We conclude that the RBC heterogeneity of SC disease is very different from that of SS disease. The major contributions of properties introduced by HbC are “folded” RBCs, intracellular crystal formation in circulating SC cells, and apparently a very active K:Cl cotransporter that leads to unusually dense reticulocytes.

Acid pH induces formation of dense cells in sickle erythrocytes

When erythrocytes from patients homozygous for hemoglobin S (SS) are swollen or exposed to pH less than 7.40, they lose K, Cl, and water through a volume and pH-dependent KCl cotransport system. We report that carbon monoxide-treated SS cells become progressively denser when incubated for eight to 12 hours in media with pH less than 7.40 (7.3 to 7.0) at constant cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG). This phenomenon is maximal in fresh SS cells from the top and middle density fractions, and is absent in cells from the densest fraction. When AA cells are separated according to density, acid pH induces cell shrinkage in the least dense fraction of AA cells, which has considerable KCl cotransport, but produces no change in cell density in the densest fractions of AA erythrocyte, which have no KCl cotransport. These data suggest that dense cells can form in oxygenated SS erythrocytes when the KCl cotransport system is activated by acidification.