Reaction of Spanish-Type Peanut Genotypes to Cylindrocladium Black Rot1

Abstract Twelve peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes of the Spanish botanical type and two of the Valencia botanical type were compared for reaction to the soil-borne pathogen, Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers, that causes Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) in peanuts. In Virginia, experiments were conducted in three fields (two in 1974 and one in 1975) with a history of severe CBR in previous peanut crops. The Spanish genotypes included all current cultivars grown commercially in the United States. Valencia genotypes (PI 355982 and 355987) were included as reference standards because of their known susceptibility to CBR. Differences among genotypes were significant on the bases of percent diseased plants and visual scores of root and pod damage at each field and combined across fields. Differences also were significant among fields for percent diseased plants and pod damage score and for the genotype by field interaction for percent diseased plants. All Spanish genotypes were significantly lower in percent diseased plants than the Valencia checks. Pod and root damage scores indicated that different genetic mechanisms might control pod and root resistance to CBR. A high degree of resistance is available in Spanish genotypes, but critical progeny selection for both pod and root resistance might be necessary for transfer of resistance in successive generations of a breeding program.

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Screening for Resistance to Cylindrocladium Black Rot in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-9-1-1 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

T. A. Coffelt ◽

K. H. Garren

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Black Rot ◽

Root Damage ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Single Location ◽

Screening For Resistance ◽

Genetic Mechanisms ◽

Root Resistance ◽

Better Than

Abstract Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), caused by Calonectria crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers (Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers), is potentially one of the most serious peanut diseases in Virginia. Over 60 peanut lines at multiple locations and 140 peanut lines at a single location were screened in the field for resistance to CBR from 1973–1977 in Virginia and North Carolina. Susceptibility to CBR was determined by number of dead plants per plot in 1973 and by percent dead plants per plot in 1974–1977. In addition, in 1974, 1975 and 1977, visual estimates of CBR damage to roots and pods were made. Florigiant, Spancross, VGP 1 and/or NC 3033 were used as checks to determine relative susceptiability. Results generally indicate that spanish-type peanuts are the most resistant to CBR, valencia-type peanuts the least resistant and Virginia-type peanuts intermediate. Florigiant was consistently one of the most susceptible genotypes, while NC 3033, Spancross and VGP 1 were among the most resistant. Four valencia-type peanuts, 22 virginia-type peanuts, 28 spanish-type peanuts, one segregating line, and one wild species (A. monticola), with resistance equal to or better than Spancross, NC 3033 and/or VGP 1 were identified. Pod and root damage scores generally corresponded with percent diseased plants. However, differences were observed, indicating separate genetic mechanisms may control pod and root resistance to CBR. The significances of variability among sister lines and locations are discussed.

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Interrelationship between family history of alcoholism and generational status in the prediction of alcohol dependence in US Hispanics

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291716002105 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 137-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

K. G. Chartier ◽

N. S. Thomas ◽

K. S. Kendler

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Family History ◽

Alcohol Dependence ◽

Interaction Effect ◽

The United States ◽

Generational Status ◽

History Of ◽

Familial Alcoholism ◽

Successive Generations ◽

The Relationship

BackgroundBoth a family history of alcoholism and migration-related factors like US v. foreign nativity increase the risk for developing alcohol use disorders in Hispanic Americans. For this study, we integrated these two lines of research to test whether the relationship between familial alcoholism and alcohol dependence changes with successive generations in the United States.MethodData were from the waves 1 and 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Subjects self-identified Hispanic ethnicity (N = 4122; n = 1784 first, n = 1169 second, and n = 1169 third or later generation) and reported ever consuming ⩾12 drinks in a 1-year period. A family history of alcoholism was assessed in first- and second-degree relatives. Analyses predicting the number of alcohol dependence symptoms were path models.ResultsAlcohol dependence symptoms were associated with a stronger family history of alcoholism and later generational status. There was a significant interaction effect between familial alcoholism and generational status; the relationship of familial alcoholism with alcohol dependence symptoms increased significantly with successive generations in the United States, more strongly in women than men. Acculturation partially mediated the interaction effect between familial alcoholism and generational status on alcohol dependence, although not in the expected direction.ConclusionsFamilial alcoholism interacted with generational status in predicting alcohol dependence symptoms in US Hispanic drinkers. This relationship suggests that heritability for alcoholism is influenced by a higher-order environmental factor, likely characterized by a relaxing of social restrictions on drinking.

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The "Plant Drosophila": E. B. Babcock, the Genus Crepis, and the Evolution of a Genetics Research Program at Berkeley, 1915––1947

Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences ◽

10.1525/hsns.2009.39.3.300 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 300-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis

Keyword(s):

Research Program ◽

Model Organism ◽

Evolutionary Genetics ◽

Experimental System ◽

The United States ◽

College Of Agriculture ◽

Genetics Research ◽

History Of ◽

Genetic Mechanisms ◽

The University

This paper explores the research and administrative efforts of Ernest Brown Babcock, head of the Division of Genetics in the College of Agriculture at the University of California, Berkeley, the first academic unit so named in the United States. It explores the rationale for his choice of "model organism," the development——and transformation——of his ambitious genetics research program centering on the weedy plant genus named Crepis (commonly known as the hawkbeard), along with examining in detail the historical development of the understanding of genetic mechanisms of evolutionary change in plants leading to the period of the evolutionary synthesis. Chosen initially as the plant counterpart of Thomas Hunt Morgan's Drosophila melanogaster, the genus Crepis instead came to serve as the counterpart of Theodosius Dobzhansky's Drosophila pseudoobscura, leading the way in plant evolutionary genetics, and eventually providing the first comprehensive systematic treatise of any genus that was part of the movement known as biosystematics, or the "new" systematics. The paper also suggests a historical rethinking of the application of the terms model organism, research program, and experimental system in the history of biology.

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Once and Future Wetlands

Wetlands Explained ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195131833.003.0010 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

William M. Lewis

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Public Attitudes ◽

Public Support ◽

National Policy ◽

The United States ◽

New Era ◽

The Public ◽

The Future ◽

History Of ◽

High Degree

A societal conflict as prolonged and complex as the reversal of national policy on wetlands in the United States must contain some lessons for the future. Perhaps we are still too close to the issues to have everything in perspective historically, but two lessons seem obvious. One of these has to do with the channelizing effect of change in public attitudes toward wetlands and the other with the stabilizing effect of science on regulations and policies intended for the protection of wetlands. A look back at the previous chapters suggests that the history of wetland policy in the United States can be divided into three eras: a classical era during which removal was the policy; a modern era during which protection was the policy; and a new era, which appears to be postmodern in the sense that we adjust protection qualitatively in an attempt to make our coexistence with wetlands more comfortable. Politics of the removal era appear to have been relatively tranquil, as congressional action surrounding wetlands developed almost entirely through consultation with a single interest group (i.e., those who saw some economically beneficial potential in federal progams subsidizing or encouraging the removal of wetlands; Tzoumis 1998). The desire for protection, although present in some circles much earlier, became politically potent in parallel with the growth of general public support for environmental legislation. From that time forward, legislation and national policy have consistently been formed in an atmosphere of strongly opposing viewpoints, but the protectionist impulse has prevailed. It seems doubtful now that an open legislative assault on wetland protection would be successful, simply because the public has fully absorbed the idea of protection for about a generation. The fundamental intent of protectionism, however, still could be subverted judicially or administratively; this is the main issue for the future. From 1970 to the present, the politics of wetlands has seemed unstable and even chaotic. Participants in the contest over wetlands typically have viewed the future with a high degree of pessimism. This is especially true for the defenders of wetlands, who fear, and in some cases almost anticipate, reactionary backsliding.

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Assessing the Invasion Risk ofEucalyptusin the United States Using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment

International Journal of Forestry Research ◽

10.1155/2012/203768 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Doria R. Gordon ◽

S. Luke Flory ◽

Aimee L. Cooper ◽

Sarah K. Morris

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

The United States ◽

Low Risk ◽

Invasion Risk ◽

Weed Risk Assessment ◽

Plant Invaders ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of ◽

Selection For ◽

Time Selection

Many agricultural species have undergone selection for traits that are consistent with those that increase the probability that a species will become invasive. However, the risk of invasion may be accurately predicted for the majority of plant species tested using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA). This system has been tested in multiple climates and geographies and, on average, correctly identifies 90% of the major plant invaders as having high invasion risk, and 70% of the noninvaders as having low risk. We used this tool to evaluate the invasion risk of 38Eucalyptustaxa currently being tested and cultivated in the USA for pulp, biofuel, and other purposes. We predict 15 taxa to have low risk of invasion, 14 taxa to have high risk, and 9 taxa to require further information. In addition to a history of naturalization and invasiveness elsewhere, the traits that significantly contribute to a high invasion risk conclusion include having prolific seed production and a short generation time. Selection against these traits should reduce the probability that eucalypts cultivated in the USA will become invasive threats to natural areas and agricultural systems.

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Special Considerations for Evaluation and Treatment of Spanish-Speaking Patients with Cleft Palate

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/persp1.sig5.41 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 41-49

Author(s):

Ellen Moore

Keyword(s):

Cleft Palate ◽

The United States ◽

Culturally Competent ◽

Speech Language Pathology ◽

Spanish Speaking ◽

Appropriate Treatment ◽

Oral Pressure ◽

Language Pathology ◽

History Of ◽

Spanish Speaking Population

As the Spanish-speaking population in the United States continues to grow, there is increasing need for culturally competent and linguistically appropriate treatment across the field of speech-language pathology. This paper reviews information relevant to the evaluation and treatment of Spanish-speaking and Spanish-English bilingual children with a history of cleft palate. The phonetics and phonology of Spanish are reviewed and contrasted with English, with a focus on oral pressure consonants. Cultural factors and bilingualism are discussed briefly. Finally, practical strategies for evaluation and treatment are presented. Information is presented for monolingual and bilingual speech-language pathologists, both in the community and on cleft palate teams.

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State-by-State Use of AMA Guides

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2019.sepoct01 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 3-7, 16

Keyword(s):

Expert Testimony ◽

Narrow Range ◽

The United States ◽

Workers Compensation ◽

Federal Employees ◽

Permanent Disability ◽

Sixth Edition ◽

History Of ◽

Canadian Provinces

Abstract This article presents a history of the origins and development of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), from the publication of an article titled “A Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment of the Extremities and Back” (1958) until a compendium of thirteen guides was published in book form in 1971. The most recent, sixth edition, appeared in 2008. Over time, the AMA Guides has been widely used by US states for workers’ compensation and also by the Federal Employees Compensation Act, the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, as well as by Canadian provinces and other jurisdictions around the world. In the United States, almost twenty states have developed some form of their own impairment rating system, but some have a narrow range and scope and advise evaluators to consult the AMA Guides for a final determination of permanent disability. An evaluator's impairment evaluation report should clearly document the rater's review of prior medical and treatment records, clinical evaluation, analysis of the findings, and a discussion of how the final impairment rating was calculated. The resulting report is the rating physician's expert testimony to help adjudicate the claim. A table shows the edition of the AMA Guides used in each state and the enabling statute/code, with comments.

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