Screening for Resistance to Cylindrocladium Black Rot in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Coffelt ◽  
K. H. Garren
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Single Location ◽  
Screening For Resistance ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Root Resistance ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), caused by Calonectria crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers (Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers), is potentially one of the most serious peanut diseases in Virginia. Over 60 peanut lines at multiple locations and 140 peanut lines at a single location were screened in the field for resistance to CBR from 1973–1977 in Virginia and North Carolina. Susceptibility to CBR was determined by number of dead plants per plot in 1973 and by percent dead plants per plot in 1974–1977. In addition, in 1974, 1975 and 1977, visual estimates of CBR damage to roots and pods were made. Florigiant, Spancross, VGP 1 and/or NC 3033 were used as checks to determine relative susceptiability. Results generally indicate that spanish-type peanuts are the most resistant to CBR, valencia-type peanuts the least resistant and Virginia-type peanuts intermediate. Florigiant was consistently one of the most susceptible genotypes, while NC 3033, Spancross and VGP 1 were among the most resistant. Four valencia-type peanuts, 22 virginia-type peanuts, 28 spanish-type peanuts, one segregating line, and one wild species (A. monticola), with resistance equal to or better than Spancross, NC 3033 and/or VGP 1 were identified. Pod and root damage scores generally corresponded with percent diseased plants. However, differences were observed, indicating separate genetic mechanisms may control pod and root resistance to CBR. The significances of variability among sister lines and locations are discussed.

scholarly journals Reaction of Spanish-Type Peanut Genotypes to Cylindrocladium Black Rot1

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Coffelt
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Field Interaction ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Root Resistance

Abstract Twelve peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes of the Spanish botanical type and two of the Valencia botanical type were compared for reaction to the soil-borne pathogen, Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers, that causes Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) in peanuts. In Virginia, experiments were conducted in three fields (two in 1974 and one in 1975) with a history of severe CBR in previous peanut crops. The Spanish genotypes included all current cultivars grown commercially in the United States. Valencia genotypes (PI 355982 and 355987) were included as reference standards because of their known susceptibility to CBR. Differences among genotypes were significant on the bases of percent diseased plants and visual scores of root and pod damage at each field and combined across fields. Differences also were significant among fields for percent diseased plants and pod damage score and for the genotype by field interaction for percent diseased plants. All Spanish genotypes were significantly lower in percent diseased plants than the Valencia checks. Pod and root damage scores indicated that different genetic mechanisms might control pod and root resistance to CBR. A high degree of resistance is available in Spanish genotypes, but critical progeny selection for both pod and root resistance might be necessary for transfer of resistance in successive generations of a breeding program.

Potential for Improved Control of Southern Stem Rot of Peanut with Resistance and Fungicides1

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Shew ◽  
M. K. Beute ◽  
J. E. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Disease Loci ◽  
Moderate Resistance

Abstract Potential for improved control of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was evaluated by combining moderate resistance with fungicide use. Various fungicides including carboxin, oxycarboxin, propiconazol, OAC 3890, and PCNB were applied to peanut lines NC 8C, NC Ac 18016, and Florigiant in North Carolina during 1980, 1981, and 1982. Consistently fewer disease loci occurred on NC Ac 18016 than on NC 8C or Florigiant. At least one fungicide reduced stem rot incidence in two of three years tested, but fungicide use did not result in greater yields. Effects of disease resistance and fungicides on suppression of stem rot development were additive.

Influence of Application Variables on Efficacy of Manganese-Containing Fertilizers Applied to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Sarah H. Lancaster ◽  
James E. Lanier ◽  
P. Dewayne Johnson ◽  
Joshua B. Beam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Liquid Solution ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
Ipomoea Purpurea ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin

Abstract Several formulations of the essential element manganese (Mn) are commercially available for application to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Research was conducted in North Carolina to compare accumulation of Mn in peanut leaves, stems, and pods following application of water soluble manganese sulfate including 17.5% Mn (Techmangum® or Man-Gro DF®) and liquid Mn formulations including 5.0% Mn (Manganese Xtra©) or 8% Mn (Nutrisol 8% Manganese™). Experiments were also conducted to determine the influence of herbicides, adjuvants, and selected fungicide and insecticide combinations on Mn accumulation in peanut leaves. A second experiment was conducted to determine if efficacy of clethodim, imazapic, imazethapyr, lactofen, sethoxydim, and 2,4-DB was affected by Mn formulations when applied in mixture. Experiments were also conducted to determine the effect of Mn on efficacy of the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole. More Mn was found in leaves when dry formulations of Mn were applied compared to liquid formulations, reflecting the higher amount of actual Mn delivered per ha based on manufacturer recommendations of these products. Accumulation of Mn was higher when Mn was applied with the herbicides clethodim, imazapic, and lactofen compared with Mn alone or Mn plus 2,4-DB. Accumulation of Mn was similar for Mn alone or most combinations of Mn with fungicides and insecticides. Manganese did not affect corn (Zea mays L.) control by clethodim or sethoxydim; large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] control by clethodim; Palmer amaranth [Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Wats.] control by imazethapyr; sicklepod [Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby] control by imazapic, imazethapyr, or 2,4-DB; or tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth] control by imazapic. In contrast, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) control by lactofen was reduced by dry manganese but not the 8% liquid solution. Peanut canopy defoliation was similar when the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, or tebuconazole individually were compared alone, with Mn, or Mn plus the insecticide lambda cyhalothrin.

Cultivar x Environment Interactions in Peanut Yield Tests1

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
T. G. Isleib
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Fruit Traits ◽  
Order Interaction ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Yield Trials

Abstract Cultivar x environment interactions for yield and several fruit traits were estimated from two groups of Virginia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar yield trials conducted in the Virginia-North Carolina production area. A substantial cultivar x location x year second-order interaction was observed for yield in both studies. Both cultivar x location and cultivar x year interactions were small when compared to the variation among cultivars. No advantage could be gained by subdividing the production area into subareas for breeding or testing purposes. However, a reallocation of the number of plots presently used could give comparable estimates of cultivar performance and reduce the time necessary for cultivar evaluation.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobia Inoculant Applied In-furrow with Agrichemicals

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
P. Dewayne Johnson ◽  
Rick L. Brandenburg ◽  
Joel Faircloth
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Abstract Bradyrhizobia is often applied in the seed furrow when peanut is planted to ensure nodulation and subsequent biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Several fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizer solutions are registered for in-furrow application in peanut while others or currently being evaluated for possible use. The effect of these products on efficacy of Bradyrhizobia inoculant has not been thoroughly investigated. Research was conducted in North Carolina and Virginia to determine peanut response to in-furrow application of Bradyrhizobia inoculant alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, and tebuconazole; the insecticide imidacloprid; and the commercial fertilizer Asset® RTU. Peanut yield did not differ in three experiments during 2002 when inoculant was applied alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole. In experiments from 2004–2007, pod yield was lower when inoculant was applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer in three of 11, six of 11, three of 8, and three of 11 experiments, respectively, when compared with inoculant alone. Imidacloprid did not affect peanut yield. Pod yield was not improved by any of the fungicide, insecticide, or fertilizer treatments when compared with inoculant alone. These experiments (2004–2007) were conducted in fields without previous peanut plantings or where rotations were long enough to minimize disease incidence. Although benefits of disease control were not defined in these experiments, these data suggest that adverse effects on inoculant can occur when co-applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer.

scholarly journals Influence of Adjuvants on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Prohexadione Calcium

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
C. W. Swann ◽  
A. S. Culpepper ◽  
A. C. York
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Concentrate Urea

Abstract Research has demonstrated that prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) retards vegetative growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and in some cases increases pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, market value ($/kg), and gross value ($/ha). Spray adjuvants such as crop oil concentrate and nitrogen solution most likely will be recommended for application with prohexadione calcium. However, efficacy of prohexadione calcium applied with adjuvants has not been conclusively determined. Twelve experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Virginia during 1997 and 1998 to determine peanut response to prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate, urea ammonium nitrate, or a mixture of these adjuvants. Applying prohexadione calcium with urea ammonium nitrate, either alone or with crop oil concentrate, increased row visibility and shorter main stems compared with nontreated peanut or prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate. Prohexadione calcium increased pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut in seven of 12 experiments regardless of adjuvant when compared with nontreated peanut. Pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut were not affected in the other experiments. Prohexadione calcium did not affect the percentage of total sound mature kernels, the percentage of other kernels, or market value in any of the experiments regardless of adjuvant.

A Comparison of Methods of Evaluating Resistance to Cylindrocladium crotalariae in Peanut Field Tests1

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Green ◽  
M. K. Beute ◽  
J. C. Wynne
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Three methods presently used to evaluate disease resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) were compared to identify the most efficient method to screen peanut lines in field tests. Forty randomly selected F2 families in the F5 generation from a cross of the CBR-resistant source NC 3033 with NC 6 and the two parents were evaluated for percent dead and diseased plants, root rot index and microsclerotia/g of root. Significant differences were detected between the parents (p = 0.05) and among segregates (familes) (p = 0.01) for percent dead and diseased plants only. Error components exceeded the mean square values for differences among segregates for the root rot index and microsclerotia/g of root resulting in no significant differences among entries for these traits and low to no correlations among traits. Percent dead and diseased plants was concluded to be the best of the three methods for screening peanut lines in the field for CBR resistance.

Environmental and Varietal Effects on Niacin Content of Raw and Roasted Peanuts

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Whitley ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
K. W. Hendrix ◽  
T. H. Sanders ◽  
L. O. Dean
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Vitamin B3 ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Samples ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are known to be a source of several important B-vitamins, including niacin (Vitamin B3). A total of 39 Florunner and NC7 samples from the 2007 and 2008 Uniform Peanut Performance Test (UPPT) were analyzed to compare their niacin content from 10 different growing locations in the U.S. From the Core of the Core of the peanut germplasm collection, 13 selected samples grown in North Carolina in 2008 were analyzed. Over 2 years and 10 locations, raw Florunner niacin levels ranged from 8.8 to 21.9 mg/100g DW. Mean niacin concentration in 2007 was 15.7 mg/100g DW and 17.8 mg/100g DW in 2008. Raw samples of NC7 averaged 19.0 mg/100g DW in 2007 and 20.3 mg/100g DW in 2008. The varietal difference was statistically significant as were differences among growing locations. The lowest niacin levels were found in the Virginia-Carolina region and the highest in Texas and Oklahoma. Although the 2008 niacin means were higher than 2007, the increase was not statistically significant. Roasting raw 2008 samples caused niacin levels to drop 12% (p = 0.0212) in Florunner and 6% in NC7 (p = 0.0128). Mean niacin concentrations in the Core of the Core samples were found to range from 13.9 to 20.7 mg/100g DW. Levels of niacin in the Core samples tested were found to be higher than Florunner (12.2 mg/100 DW) and NC7 samples (13.8 mg/100g DW) grown at the same location and in the same year. Significant differences in niacin content among NC7 and Florunner UPPT entries across 10 locations indicated a potential for genetic variation that is potentially exploitable by breeders. This is supported by the significant differences found among the Core of the Core entries and NC7 and Florunner samples from the same location and year.

Response of Peanut to PGR-IV™ Growth Regulator1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. York ◽  
Roger B. Batts ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fermentation Broth ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract Field experiments in North Carolina in 1994 and 1995 determined virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to PGR-IV, a commercial hormonal growth regulator consisting of 30 mg/L of gibberellic acid, 27 mg/L of indolebutyric acid, and a proprietary fermentation broth. Treatments included PGR-IV applied once at 438 mL/ha 21, 45, 60, or 75 DAE (days after peanut emergence) or twice at 219 mL/ha at 21 and 45 DAE or 45 and 60 DAE. PGR-IV had no effect on peanut main stem or cotyledonary lateral branch length, yield, maturity, percentage of fancy pods, extra large kernels, or total sound mature kernels, or net returns.

scholarly journals Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Carfentrazone-ethyl and Pyraflufen-ethyl Applied Close to Harvest

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushila Chaudhari ◽  
David Jordan ◽  
Katherine Jennings
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars

ABSTRACT Morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) and other weeds are often present at peanut harvest and can interfere with digging pods and inverting vines. Carfentrazone-ethyl and pyraflufen-ethyl control large morningglory and could be an effective strategy as harvest aids in peanut. However, crop response to these herbicides has not been determined for Virginia market type peanut cultivars in North Carolina. One experiment was conducted during 2012, 2013, and 2014 to determine peanut response to carfentrazone or pyraflufen-ethyl applied postemergence 1 and 2 weeks prior to digging peanut pods and inverting vines. In a second experiment conducted during 2014 and 2015, peanut response to carfentrazone-ethyl, diclosulam, pyraflufen-ethyl, lactofen, and 2,4-DB applied 4 wk before digging (WBD) was determined. Visible peanut injury from carfentrazone-ethyl and pyraflufen-ethyl did not exceed 40% regardless of application timing or rate, and peanut yield was not affected compared with non-treated peanut regardless of visible injury when applied 1 or 2 WBD. However, when applied 4 WBD, peanut yields were 9 to 10% lower when carfentrazone-ethyl or pyraflufen-ethyl were applied compared with non-treated peanut. Diclosulam, lactofen, and 2,4-DB did not adversely affect yield. These results show that carfentrazone-ethyl and pyraflufen-ethyl will not affect peanut yield within 2 WBD but can reduce yield when applied earlier in the season during pod fill.

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