scholarly journals MONEY CIRCULATION OF OLBIA PONTIUS AT THE FINAL STAGE OF CITY’S HISTORY

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-147
Author(s):  
Borys Magomedov
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Roman Coins ◽  
The City ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Money Circulation

The aim of the study is to explain the unusually high for provincial city percentage of Roman denarii among the coins of ancient Olbia. Research methodology – principles of science, historicism, objectivity, generalization, historical-genetic and historical-typological. Scientific novelty. Some researchers of Olbia connected the final stage of its history with presence of barbarians, carriers of the Chernyakhiv culture (the second third of 3rd – the beginning of 5th c., the dominant population – the Goths). Other researchers believed that the material culture of the city retains its ancient character to the end. Modern analysis of finds from the late Roman layers of Olbia and its surroundings demonstrates undeniable Chernyakhiv analogies and shows the inclusion of the city in political and economic system of barbarians. The truth of this statement can be verified by comparing the numismatic materials of Chernyakhiv culture and Olbia of Roman times. In the area of this culture within the borders of former USSR, finds of more than 26 thousand Roman coins have been recorded. Coins modern to this culture (3rd – 4th c.) are a minority, and 78,7% are represented by earlier silver denarii of the 1st – 2nd c. The barbarians received these denarii from Rome as military contributions and subsidies or wage to military units. Some coins were put into circulation for internal payments. P. Karyshkovsky made statistical calculations of coins of the 1st – 4th c. from Olbia and found some local peculiarity. Unlike other ancient cities of Northern and Western Black Sea coast, among the Roman and provincial coins found in Olbia, the majority are denarii of the 1st – 2nd c.: 53,5% of finds. However, in Histria city (Western Black Sea Coast) denarii make only 17,3%. The peculiarity of Olbia collection can be explained by the history of this city. After the Gothic conquest (between the late 250s and early 270s), Olbia was reborn as small fortified town, a trade and craft center inhabited by Goth barbarians. The distribution of coin finds from the second half of 3rd to the beginning of 5th c. corresponds to the situation in Chernyakhiv culture. Issues of coins of that time came to its population in small quantities. However, the barbarians owned a large mass of old denarii of 1st – 2nd c. Some of them fall into the cultural layer of Olbia, which creates a false picture of money circulation of the city in early Roman times. The percentage of such denarii in Olbia without the participation of the later “Chernyakhiv” addition should be close to the percentage of denarii in Histria (17,3%). Conclusions. A feature of the money circulation of Olbia in Roman times is relatively large number of finds of denarii of the 1st – 2nd c. This can be explained by the fact that in the third quarter of 3rd c. the city was included into political and economic system of Chernyakhiv culture, where the main currency was the silver denarii of the 1st – 2nd c., which by that time were out of circulation in the Empire. The Olbia collection of Roman coins should be divided into the “Ancient” and “Chernyakhiv” (or “Late Antique”) periods, and the latter, in addition to coins of the second half of 3rd – 4th c., contains most of the denarii of the 1st – 2nd c.

scholarly journals Update on the Geographic Distribution of Lutra lutra at the Romanian Black Sea Coast

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniyar Memedemin ◽  
Marian Tudor ◽  
Dan Cogălniceanu ◽  
Marius Skolka ◽  
Gabriel Bănică ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Lutra Lutra ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
European Otter ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Near Threatened ◽  
Sea Coast

Abstract We report the occurrence of the European otter (Lutra lutra Linnaeus, 1758) along the entire Romanian Black Sea coast, for the first time. Several sightings were within the harbor and the city of Constanţa, indicating that the otter can accommodate to and tolerate high human impact. The report is based on observations made between 2012 and 2015. The species has been previously reported from all Romanian regions but not from the Black Sea coast. The occurrences reported within this article confirm an extension of the range of this Near Threatened species on the Romanian Black Sea coast, most probably due to the increasing of population size from other sources such as the Danube floodplain.

scholarly journals Fluctuating asymmetry of the needles of Pinus brutia var. pityusa (STEVEN) SILBA, 1985, growing in industrial and recreational areas in Tuapse

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 04044
Author(s):  
G Kozlov ◽  
M Pushkarev ◽  
I Belyaeva ◽  
A Maksimova ◽  
S Shvidkoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
City Center ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Port Area ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The City ◽  
Sea Coast

The paper provides information on the index of fluctuating asymmetry of the Pitsunda pine in industrial and recreational areas in the city of Tuapse (the Russian Black Sea coast of the Caucasus). It is shown that pollution is localized in the port area, and in the city center, the fluctuating asymmetry index is comparable to that for resort areas at a considerable distance from the Tuapse port. The necessity of taking into account the climate when using the coefficient of fluctuating asymmetry of the needles of the Mediterranean (Pitsunda) pine in assessing the degree of ecological well-being of various areas is shown.

scholarly journals For a novel identification of the ‘first palace of the kings of Egrisi’ in Nokalakevi-Archaeopolis

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Davit Lomitashvili ◽  
◽  
Nikoloz Murghulia ◽  
Besik Lordtkipanidze ◽  
Tamila Kapanadze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Roman Coins ◽  
Late Roman Period ◽  
Sea Coast

Because of the complicated foreign policy in the fourth century (regular attacks of the Goths and Huns on Roman Empire, the rise of Persia and subordination of Kartli, Armenia and Albania), Rome was unable to exert proper control over its eastern provinces, including the eastern Black Sea coast and, accordingly, it was compelled to put up with the Lazis becoming more and more active in western Georgia [Muskhelishvili 2012:39]. Apparently, the Lazis evaluated the existing situation properly and gradually made their neighboring tribes of the Apsils, Abazgs and Sanigs subordinate to them [Lomouri 2011:119-120]. Unification of the western Georgian tribes by the Lazis and formation of a strong kingdom was in the interests of the Roman Empire too. Scholars suggest that Rome encouraged this process, rather than hindering it, because presence of a strong kingdom in western Georgia which had control over various passes and fortified cities on the Black Sea coast would serve as a defensive barrier for eastern provinces of Rome from northern nomadic tribes [Melikishvili 1970:556-557; Lomouri 2011:120; Muskhelishvili 2012:39]. Procopius of Caesarea puts special emphasis on this situation. According to him, “For the barbarians inhabiting the Caucasus Lazika is just an obstacle” [Procopius of Caesarea 1965:94]. Thus, from the third century, the Lazis gradually annexed the tribes residing in western Georgia and laid foundation for the kingdom of Lazika (Egrisi), whose borders approximately fell within the limits of western Georgia (Fig. 1). The king of Lazika had subordinated the neighboring tribes, but, on the other hand, formally it was a vassal of the Roman (Byzantine) emperor. According to Procopius of Caesarea, the Lazis “were Romans’ subordinate, but they did not pay any tribute or submit to them. The only thing they did was that when their king died, the Roman king would send an heir to the throne, or the symbol of power, to them. The latter would rigorously protect the borders of this country together with his subordinates so that the hostile Hunns would be unable to invade Roman lands from the Lazis’ bordering Caucasus Mountains passing through Lazika. They firmly protected them without getting any money or army from the Romans and did not go to war with the Romans either [Procopius of Caesarea 1965:72-73]. It is obvious that despite gaining factual independence, Romans still had considerable influence on western Georgia. It is not surprising - from the first century BC, after Pompey campaigned against Colchis and later (in the first-second cc AD) Rome deployed garrisons on the Black Sea coast, Rome gained a firm foothold in western Georgia. Analysis of archaeological material shows that this influence was not only political, but economic and cultural as well. For instance, the inland area of western Georgia yielded a large number of Roman coins of the first three centuries of the common era. Among them remarkable is a hoard of silver coins of the second-third centuries (907 items) discovered in Village Eki (Senaki Municipality) in 1971. It included a drachma of King Orod II of Parthia (57-38) and didrachmas and denarii minted in the names of Roman emperors Nerva, Trajan, Adrian, Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, Commodus, Pertinax, Niger, Septimius Severus and so on. 774 coins of the Eki hoard are struck in the mint of Caesarea, 131 – in the mints of Rome and those of the eastern provinces of Roman Empire, and the rest – in other provinces [G. Dundua, V. Tsirghvava 1971:42:45]. This and other contemporaneous discoveries prove that in the late Roman period Roman influence in western Georgia, especially in its western regions, was really strong.

scholarly journals Beach Management & Analysis of Visitors’ Remarks

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
Perihan Paksoy ◽  
Nurdan Colakoglu
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Visitor Experience ◽  
Beach Management ◽  
User Perceptions ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Human Use ◽  
The City ◽  
Sea Coast

User perceptions can become vital especially at beach preferences as cleanliness, safety and amenities are some of the apparent factors that will affect. With the awareness of probable adaptation of beach users’ demands into policy recommendations, a case study has been carried out at Black Sea Coast of İstanbul at Şile beaches. Şile has been chosen in this study purposefully as it is a touristic district of İstanbul which has aimed to earn Blue Flag award previously. Secondly, it receives high amount of visitors especially during the peak periods in weekends; as it has a very close location to the city, people are choosing here most of the time just for the day. In this research with factors about human use of beach and impacts like cleanliness and sufficiency of amenities (showers, toilets, changing cubicles, parks etc.) and the number of lifeguards are studied. Regarding the findings, the researchers consequently highlight recommendations for Şile beach management which could enhance the visitor experience.

scholarly journals The Nomadic World of the South of Eastern Europe in the 2nd - 1st Centuries BC (Eastern Innovations, Facts, Causes and Consequences)

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Skripkin
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Burial Practice ◽  
Burial Rites ◽  
Sea Coast

Introduction. In the process of developing the chronology of early Sarmatian culture we have allocated the monuments dated by the 2nd - 1st centuries BC and characterized by their specificity both in the material culture and in burial rites. Methods and materials. This article is devoted to the series of items from the Sarmatian burials of the 2nd - 1st centuries BC from the south of Eastern Europe having close analogies in the sites of Central Asia. The items are represented with different types of swords, bronze openwork belt buckles, latticed and gigantic belt buckles, clay cubic censers, miniature copies of boilers and quivers with bows. Analysis. New features have been marked in the funeral rites. Burials in the decks got popularity, which had resemblance with the decks used in the burial practice of Tuva’s population of the last centuries BC. The percentage of northern orientation of the buried was significantly increased in some areas of the Volga and the Don regions. The analysis of the historical situation testifies to the migration of a number of nomadic groups away from China’s northwestern borders due to the aggressive policy of Xiongnu. This event caused the changes in ethnopolitical situation in Central Asia, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom ceased to exist due to nomadic attacks. The nomadic population of this region with the eastern elements in their culture had significantly increased. Great changes occured in the South Ural, the Volga-Don region and in the Northern Black Sea Coast, where the groups of nomads appeared which had not been mentioned in written sources before: Aorses, Siraki, Roksolans, Satarkhi. The occurred changes found reflection in written works of ancient authors. Results. Thus, the events that took place on the northern borders of China, associated with the formation of the Hunnish nomadic empire, led to a significant change in the ethnopolitical situation up to the Northern Black Sea Coast region.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE OTTOMAN WAQF ON NORTH BLACK SEA REGION IN THE XVITH CENTURY

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
A. Makarevych
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
City Development ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Xvith Century ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The City ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Written Sources

In the present article the features of the functioning of the Ottoman Waqf in the territory of the North Black Sea region are investigated. It is indicated on the specifics of the city development by the Ottomans, which reflected the achievements of the Islamic-Ottoman civilization. It was determined that one of the important phenomena that had been brought by the Ottomans to this territory was Waqf. The main economic, social and cultural reasons for the occurrence of vaqf in the specified region are indicated. The influence of the waqf on the life of the northern Black Sea coast is analyzed. The main centers of evolution of waqf on the basis of written sources and results of archaeological excavations are considered. Particular attention is paid to the problem, that waqf became an element of the "soft" policy of Islamization and colonization of this territory.

scholarly journals Этнос Черноморского побережья Краснодарского края города Новороссийска

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
В.В. Вишневецкая
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The City ◽  
Sea Coast

The article presents the diversity of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory interethnic composition, in Novorossiysk particular. The ethnic composition of the city is represented, and the "dialogue of cultures" is the most favorable ground for the development of peace and harmony in the region, where the communication of modern cultures with each other enriches each of the cultures, as well as the interaction of traditions and innovations in all its directions.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE MAIN POLLUTION SOURCES FROM THE ROMANIAN BLACK SEA COAST

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Teodosiu ◽  
Brindusa Robu ◽  
Oana Jitar ◽  
Stefan-Adrian Strungaru ◽  
Mircea Nicoara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

MORPHOLOGY AND DYNAMICS OF THE LIMANIC BARRIERS ALONG THE BLACK SEA COAST UNDER ACTIVE ANTROPOGENOUS IMPACT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г. Выхованец ◽  
G. Vyhovanec
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Sea Sand ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

Typical coastal elements of limans and lagoons are barriers, that separate limanic aquatories from a Seas. On limanic shores structure of the Black Sea sand barriers represented three longitudinal landscape “zones”: sea beach (“frontal”), dune-aeolian and limanic (“back of the barrier”). They closely interactive between themselves under influence of lithodynamical exchanges of sediment. General tendency of the barriers dynamics is displacement to Land direction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document