scholarly journals Comparison Between the Effectiveness of Mental Practice and Physical Practice using Cup Stacking on Hand Function in the Elderly

Author(s):  
Jaruwan Prasomsri ◽  
Jenjira Wadbanjerd ◽  
Tiriporn Suttinon ◽  
Sakongkorn Keereena

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of mental vs. physical cup stacking practice in healthy people aged over 65 years.Material and Methods: Healthy elderly, who met the inclusion criteria, were randomized into 2 groups—physical practice and mental practice. Both groups received cup stacking training according to the specific condition of the group. This study collected data on the immediate effects of the training using the Jebsen Hand Function Test (JHFT) for both hands, the dominant and the non-dominant ones. The movement time during cup stacking and reaction time were measured. The paired t-test and the independent t-test were selected to analyze the differences within and between groups, respectively.Results: There were 39 participants in each group. It was found that the movement time related to stacking cups and the JHFT movement time of the non-dominant hand was significantly lower in the physical practice group compared with the mental practice group. Besides, after training, the movement time for stacking cups and the JHFT movement time of both hands was significantly lower in both groups. However, a statistically nonsignificant result for reaction time was found in the mental practice group after training.Conclusion: This study shows that both mental and physical training can enhance the ability to learn hand movement in the elderly. In further studies, the inclusion of the retention of training effects after practice, a different training approach, and a feedback method should be considered.

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 1490-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halla Olafsdottir ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky ◽  
Mark L. Latash

The purpose of this investigation was to document and quantify age-related differences in the coordination of fingers during a task that required production of an accurate time profile of the total moment of force by the four fingers of a hand. We hypothesized that elderly subjects would show a decreased ability to stabilize a time profile of the total moment of force, leading to larger indexes of moment variability compared with young subjects. The subjects followed a trapezoidal template on a computer screen by producing a time profile of the total moment of force while pressing down on force sensors with the four fingers of the right (dominant) hand. To quantify synergies, we used the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis. The elderly subjects produced larger total force, larger variance of both total force and total moment of force, and larger involvement of fingers that produced moment of force against the required moment direction (antagonist moment). This was particularly prominent during supination efforts. Young subjects showed covariation of commands to fingers across trials that stabilized the moment of total force (moment-stabilizing synergy), while elderly subjects failed to do so. Both subject groups showed similar indexes of covariation of commands to the fingers that stabilized the time profile of the total force. The lack of moment-stabilizing synergies may be causally related to the documented impairment of hand function with age.


1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1195-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight Mendoza ◽  
Harvey Wichman

To explore the effects of mental rehearsal on the performance of a motor skill, 32 college undergraduates were scored on dart-throwing ability and randomly assigned to one of 4 practice conditions: no-practice controls, mental rehearsal only, mental rehearsal with simulated dart-throwing motor movements, and direct physical practice. Following 6 days of mental or physical practice by the experimental groups, the performance level on the dart-throwing task was again measured for all subjects. Comparison of improvement showed statistically significant differences between the groups. Follow-up tests showed that all experimental groups differed significantly from the no-practice group, there were no significant differences between mental practice groups and direct physical practice resulted in improvements significantly higher than any other form of practice.


2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1053-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Sidaway ◽  
Amy (Robinson) Trzaska

Abstract Background and Purpose. Mental practice has been shown to be effective in increasing the force production of the abductor digiti minimi muscle in the hand. The aim of this study was to determine whether mental practice could produce strength gains in the larger ankle dorsiflexor muscles, which are important during walking. Subjects. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to a physical practice group, a mental practice group, or a control group (8 subjects per group). Methods. In the practice groups, subjects either physically or mentally practiced producing maximal isometric contractions for 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Changes in mean peak isometric torque normalized to body weight and the resulting percentage of improvement were analyzed across the 3 groups. Results. Differences in raw torque production after training in the 2 practice groups resulted in significant percentages of improvement for the physical practice group (25.28%) and the mental practice group (17.13%), but not for the control group (−1.77%). The 2 practice groups were not statistically different in their maximal torque-generating capacity after training. Discussion and Conclusion. These findings show that mental practice in people without impairments can lead to an increase in torque production similar to that produced by physical practice. Such a technique may prove to be a useful adjunct to traditional treatment options aimed at increasing muscle strength.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Yifang Lin ◽  
Xinhua Liu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  

Objective. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common chronic complications of diabetes, leading to disability and decreased quality of life. In past research and clinical studies, the lower limb function of DPN patients was often the principal subject of research, with little attention given to the upper limb and hand. Our goal was to assess and compare hand function between elderly diabetic patients with DPN and without DPN. Methods. A total of 52 diabetic patients were registered and underwent hand function assessments and electrodiagnostic tests. Dynamometer, pinch meter, Semmes Weinstein monofilaments, and the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) were used to assess the patients’ grip strength, pinch strength, tactile sensory threshold, and hand dexterity. Results. Compared with the non-DPN group, the elderly DPN group showed worse thumb-middle fingertip pinch strength and thumb-little fingertip pinch strength in the dominant hand (3.50 (2.50, 4.25) vs. 4.50 (3.00, 5.00), p = 0.019 ; 1.50 (1.00, 2.00) vs. 2.50 (2.00, 3.00), p < 0.001 ); the elderly DPN group displayed worse thumb-middle fingertip pinch strength, thumb-ring fingertip pinch strength, and thumb-little fingertip pinch strength in the nondominant hand (3.50 (2.00, 4.50) vs. 4.00 (3.00, 5.00), p = 0.013 ; 2.50 (1.25, 3.00) vs. 3.00 (2.50, 3.50), p = 0.033 ; 1.00 (0.75, 2.25) vs. 2.50 (2.00, 2.50), p < 0.001 ). The elderly DPN group scored lower than the non-DPN group on the PPT test of assembly ( 13.96 ± 5.18 vs. 16.96 ± 4.61 , t = 2.212 , p = 0.032 ). Conclusion. Motor function limitation is the principal hand dysfunction in elderly patients with DPN, which is mainly manifested as a decline in fingertip pinch strength and a decrease in hand dexterity. This trial is registered with Clinical Trial Registry no. ChiCTR1900025358.


Author(s):  
Kátine Marchezan Estivalet ◽  
Thuane Lopes Macedo ◽  
Sara Teresinha Corazza

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as habilidades motoras finas e o comportamento da lateralidade de idosos praticantes de hidroginástica. Participaram da pesquisa 39 idosos com idade entre 60 e 79 anos. O instrumento de avaliação utilizado foi a Bateria de Testes de Performances Motoras do Sistema de Testes de Viena. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial para todos os dados. Como resultados, aponta-se que os idosos têm uma maior estabilidade, precisão e também a rapidez do movimento braço-mão do lado não dominante. Já o lado dominante tem melhor precisão do movimento na coordenação olho-mão, movimentos de apanhar e de alcançar e também na velocidade punho-dedos. Todas as variáveis apresentaram correlação significativa no desempenho de ambas as mãos, exceto a variável segurança da faixa etária entre 60 e 69 anos. Destaca-se, ainda, as variáveis precisão, inserção de pinos longos e tapping, que apresentaram forte correlação, sugerindo a diminuição da preferência de mãos ao longo dos anos. Discute-se, então, as alterações diante do envelhecimento, sendo o idoso ativo com desempenho positivo nas habilidades psicomotoras envolvendo o movimento das mãos, e a prática de hidroginástica um exercício físico benéfico para a motricidade fina e lateralidade. Conclui-se que idosos ativos, além de apresentar diminuição da assimetria, também tem uma possível mudança da lateralidade com o envelhecimento. Assim, em casos de comprometimentos na mão dominante, estratégias de reabilitação juntamente com estimulação do uso da mão não dominante em idosos são válidas, uma vez que há uma possibilidade de troca de lateralidade. Abstract The purpose of the study was to analyze the fine motor skills and the laterality behavior of old-aged people that practice hydroaerobics. 39 elderly people aged between 60 and 70 years took part in the research. The mechanism of assessment used was the Array of Motor Performance Tests of the Vienna System. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for all data. It is pointed, as outcomes, that the elderly have a greater stability, precision and agility of the arm-hand movement on the non-dominant side. The dominant side has better accuracy of movement in eye-hand coordination, picking and reaching movements, as well as wrist-to-toe speed. All variables showed a significant correlation in the performance of both hands, except for the safety variable aged between 60 and 69 years. It is also emphasized that the variables precision, insertion of long pins and tapping display a strong correlation, suggesting a decrease in hand preference over the years. These amendments, in face of aging, only happen when the elderly is active and has a positive performance in the psychomotor skills involving the movement of the hands.  Thereby it is evident that the practice of hydroaerobics as a physical exercise is beneficial for the fine motricity and laterality. Finally, in cases of impairment in the dominant hand, rehabilitation strategies along with stimulation in the use of the non-dominate hand in the elderly are valid, since there is possibility of laterality exchange.Keywords: Elderly. Fine Motricity. Laterality. Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las habilidades motoras finas y el comportamiento de la lateralidad de ancianos practicantes de hidrogimnasia. En la investigación participaron 39 ancianos con edad entre 60 y 79 años. El instrumento de evaluación utilizado fue la batería de pruebas de rendimiento motoras del sistema de pruebas de Viena. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial para todos los datos. Como resultados, se señala que los ancianos tienen una mayor estabilidad, precisión y también la rapidez del movimiento brazo-mano del lado no dominante. El lado dominante tiene mejor precisión del movimiento en la coordinación ojo-mano, movimientos de coger y de alcanzar y también en la velocidad muñeca-dedos. Todas las variables presentaron una correlación significativa en el desempeño de ambas manos, excepto la variable seguridad del grupo de edad entre 60 y 69 años. Se destaca, además, las variables precisión, inserción de pines largos y tapping, que presentaron fuerte correlación, sugiriendo la disminución de la preferencia de manos a lo largo de los años. Se discute, entonces, los cambios ante el envejecimiento, siendo el anciano activo con desempeño positivo en las habilidades psicomotoras envolviendo el movimiento de las manos, y la práctica de hidrogimnasia un ejercicio físico benéfico para la motricidad fina y lateralidad. Se concluye que los ancianos activos, además de presentar disminución de la asimetría, también tienen un posible cambio de la lateralidad con el envejecimiento. Así, en casos de compromiso en la mano dominante, estrategias de rehabilitación junto con la estimulación del uso de la mano no dominante en ancianos son válidas, ya que existe una posibilidad de cambio de lateralidad.Palavras clave: Anciano. Motricidad Fina. Lateralidad. 


2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUJI TANAKA ◽  
TAKAO MINEJIMA ◽  
TOSHIAKI YAMANAKA ◽  
HIROSHI IMAIZUMI ◽  
MARIKO TANAKA ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
Monika Johne

Abstract Study aim: The symmetrisation of movements can be a way to develop individual coordinative skills, and to prevent the occur-rence of injuries. For this reason, in this study an attempt was made to evaluate and compare simple reaction time and movement time for épée fencers of different sports classes, and to determine the impact that three years of symmetrisation training and unilateral training have on the speed of reaction components and on dynamical asymmetry. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 60 women épée fencers of different sports classes, and it was repeated in two groups after three years of unilateral and symmetrisation training. Simple reaction time and movement time for the dominant and the non-dominant hand were analysed using Vienna Test System. Results: Women épée fencers of high sports class were characterised by a significantly faster reaction time than their less experienced colleagues. In tests conducted after three years of symmetrisation training, athletes from the experimental group achieved also much better results in reaction time (RT) than those from the control group training with the unilateral method. Conclusions: Long-time unilateral training of master class women épée fencers led to dynamical asymmetry, which in the future could cause injuries and have a negative impact on the development of selected motor skills. Symmetrical training conducted in the experimental group had a positive impact on reaction time indicators as well as on movement time indicators, and it prevented the occurrence of dynamical asymmetry in the tested competitors. Thus, it can be inferred that symmetrical exercises will have a positive impact on training effectiveness and on versatility of athletes.


2003 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Creelman

The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether mental practice facilitates the development of voluntary control over the recruitment of the abductor hallucis muscle to produce isolated big toe abduction. A sample of convenience of 15 women and 20 men with a mean age of 28.8 yr. ( SD = 5.7) and healthy feet, who were unable voluntarily to abduct the big toe, were randomly assigned to one of three groups, a mental practice group, a physical practice group, and a group who performed a control movement during practice. Each subject received neuromuscular electrical stimulation to introduce the desired movement prior to each of five practice bouts over a single session lasting 2 hr. Big toe abduction active range of motion and surface electromyographic (EMG) output of the abductor hallucis and extensor digitorum brevis muscles were measured prior to the first practice bout and following each practice bout, yielding seven acquisition trials. Acquisition is defined as an improvement in both active range of motion and in the difference between the integrated EMG of the abductor hallucis and extensor digitorum brevis muscles during successive acquisition trials. Seven members of both the mental and physical practice groups and one member of the control group met the acquisition criteria. Chi-square analysis indicated the group difference was statistically significant, suggesting mental practice was effective for this task.


Author(s):  
Krzysztof Przednowek ◽  
Maciej Śliż ◽  
Justyna Lenik ◽  
Bartosz Dziadek ◽  
Stanisław Cieszkowski ◽  
...  

The main purpose of the paper was to evaluate selected psychomotor abilities of handball players depending on the competition class (league), position on the court, training seniority and the dominant hand. The study covered a group of 40 handball players (age: 24.02 ± 3.99), while 50 non-training men (age: 22.90 ± 1.13) formed the control group. Studies were performed using Test2Drive computer tests. The following four tests were used for measuring psychomotor fitness: simple reaction time test, choice reaction time test, hand-eye coordination test and spatial anticipation test. An analysis revealed that handball players had better reaction times and movement times than the control group. The league, position on the court, training seniority and the dominant upper limb were analysed for their impact on the reaction time and movement time in handball players. An analysis of psychomotor abilities of handball players with regard to the league revealed that in the majority of tests the Superliga players had a shorter reaction time than players in lower leagues.


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