“Russia My History”

This article analyzes the presentation of the Second World War in the multimedia “history parks” of the Russian educational project “Russia My History.” In these exhibition complexes, modern digital technologies offer visitors a “revolutionary” way to discover Russian history. The article first explores the history and conception of the Russia My History project, as a pedagogical tool, a digital museum, a historical narrative, and a response to current memory policies. Next, I focus on the exhibition dedicated to the Second World War (specifically, on its technical, visual, structural, lexical, and historical aspects) and assess the impact of the digitalization and commodification of history on the traditionally rigid official Russian memory of the war. I attempt to show that instead of exploiting digital technologies to develop new approaches to the history of the war, the exhibition neglects the potential of multimedia and provides a narrative close to the one used in Soviet and post-Soviet textbooks.

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La citoyenneté et la construction de l'Europe : discussions théoriques

Res Publica ◽

10.21825/rp.v36i3-4.18740 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 36 (3-4) ◽

pp. 361-380

Author(s):

Paul Magnette

Keyword(s):

Second World War ◽

Point Of View ◽

Nation State ◽

The European Union ◽

World War ◽

Dual Nature ◽

European Citizenship ◽

History Of ◽

The One ◽

Second World

This paper examines the evolving ideological content of the concept of citizenship and particularly the challenges it faces as a consequence of the building of the European Union. From an epistemological point of view it is first argued that citizenship may be described as a dual concept: it is both a legal institution composed of the rights of the citizen as they are fixed at a certain moment of its history, and a normative ideal which embodies their political aspirations. As a result of this dual nature, citizenship is an essentially dynamicnotion, which is permanently evolving between a state of balance and change. The history of this concept in contemporary political thought shows that, from the end of the second World War it had raised a synthesis of democratic, liberal and socialist values on the one hand, and that it was historically and logically bound to the Nation-State on the other hand. This double synthesis now seems to be contested, as the themes of the "crisis of the Nation State" and"crisis of the Welfare state" do indicate. The last part of this paper grapples with recent theoretical proposals of new forms of european citizenship, and argues that the concept of citizenship could be renovated and take its challenges into consideration by insisting on the duties and the procedures it contains.

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14. War and world politics

The Globalization of World Politics ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198739852.003.0014 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Tarak Barkawi

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Second World War ◽

World Politics ◽

The Other ◽

Modern State ◽

World War ◽

The West ◽

History Of ◽

The Impact ◽

Second World

This chapter examines how war fits into the study of international relations and the ways it affects world politics. It begins with an analysis of the work of the leading philosopher of war, Carl von Clausewitz, to highlight the essential nature of war, the main types of war, and the idea of strategy. It then considers some important developments in the history of warfare, both in the West and elsewhere, with particular emphasis on interrelationships between the modern state, armed force, and war in the West and in the global South. Two case studies are presented, one focusing on war and Eurocentrism during the Second World War, and the other on the impact of war on society by looking at France, Vietnam, and the United States. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether democracy creates peace among states.

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Overseas History in the Netherlands after the Second World War. Historical Backgrounds, Modern Developments, Present-Day Situation

Itinerario ◽

10.1017/s016511530002252x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 97-115

Author(s):

H.L. Wesseling

Keyword(s):

History Of Science ◽

Art History ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Spiritual Climate ◽

History Of Art ◽

History Of ◽

The One ◽

Second World ◽

Or History

Is history science or art? This is a problem which has been on people's minds for more than a century and certainly it is an interesting question. But within the framework of this contribution it is not really important, for, whether one practises art history or history of science, one faces the same problem. On the one hand such a history is first and foremost a history of the work and achievements of individuals. A history of science which does not deal with the work of Copernicus, Newton and Einstein is as useless as a history of art in which Rembrandt, Rubens and Michelangelo do not figure. Art and history are and will remain foremost the work of individuals of genius. On the other hand it is also true that a history of art or science which confines itself exclusively to a series of sketches of individuals and their work is not satisfactory either. Artists and scientists do not work within a vacuum. As one discerns tendencies and trends in art, likewise within the field of science one finds schools and paradigms. In order to understand works of art and science we have to look closely at influences and examples, at the time-spirit, the spiritual climate, et cetera.

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Conclusion

Pride Versus Prejudice ◽

10.3828/liverpool/9781874774877.003.0017 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 397-406

Author(s):

John Cooper

Keyword(s):

Jewish Identity ◽

Medical Profession ◽

Second World War ◽

Daily Rhythm ◽

World War ◽

English Society ◽

History Of ◽

The One ◽

Victorian Age ◽

Second World

This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings on the history of the entry of Jews into the medical and legal professions. During the late Victorian age and the Edwardian era, it was possible for a few Jews from patrician or wealthy merchant families to rise to the top of the Bar, or the front rank of the medical profession, while retaining a Jewish identity. Between the two world wars, English society was much less open than in the late Victorian and Edwardian years. This was a time of heavy unemployment and economic malaise, disfigured by sharpening antisemitism which did not abate until a decade after the Second World War. During the 1950s and 1960s, there was a predominance of Jewish doctors over Jewish lawyers in England, but by the 1990s this situation had been reversed and Jewish lawyers were in a majority. Since the 1990s, there has been a decline generally in the number of applicants for medical schools in England. Among these professionals today, there is on the one hand an imperceptible drift by some out of the community, without pressure from the necessity for radical assimilation, and a switch by another group of professionals from the Orthodoxy of their fathers to Reform Judaism, which they find more compatible with the daily rhythm of their careers.

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CONSIGNING JUSTICE TO HISTORY: TRANSITIONAL TRIALS AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR

The Historical Journal ◽

10.1017/s0018246x13000058 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 553-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

KIM CHRISTIAN PRIEMEL

Keyword(s):

Collective Memory ◽

Second World War ◽

The Other ◽

World War ◽

History Of ◽

The Hague ◽

The Law ◽

The One ◽

Second World

ABSTRACTThis article reviews recent historical investigations of transitional trials held after the Second World War. It identifies three main strands of historiography. One group of studies has been dominated by the trials' participants who have shaped the perception of the trials' scope, their achievements, and their shortcomings, and pursued political, legal, or biographical agendas. A second group has treated the trials as a mere epilogue to the history of the deceased regimes. A third, more profound approach has conceptualized the trials as places where collective memory was assembled, configured, and shaped. This notion opens the debate to an analysis of how law and history on the one hand, jurisdiction, jurisprudence, and historiography on the other interact and how they impact on one another. The article compares and evaluates the benefits drawn from this research. It finds that historical analyses which take seriously the epistemological premises of the law as well as the courtroom's performativity manage to bypass well-trodden paths of interpretation which either deplore the limited, inadequate punishment meted out, or celebrate the triumphant march from Nuremberg to The Hague. The article concludes that such interdisciplinary readings help to avoid widespread disillusionment with the results of transitional trials.

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14. War and world politics

The Globalization of World Politics ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198825548.003.0014 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 225-239

Author(s):

Tarak Barkawi

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Second World War ◽

World Politics ◽

The Other ◽

Modern State ◽

World War ◽

The West ◽

History Of ◽

The Impact ◽

Second World

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Alternative Historical Narrative

East European Politics and Societies and Cultures ◽

10.1177/0888325412467456 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 400-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Karolina Wigura

Keyword(s):

Second World War ◽

Historical Narrative ◽

Second Vatican Council ◽

World War ◽

Vatican Council ◽

Inherent Feature ◽

Special Character ◽

History Of ◽

Western Germany ◽

Second World

“Polish Bishops’ Appeal to Their German Colleagues” of 18 November 1965 was one of the fifty-six letters written by the Polish Episcopate to episcopates all over the world on the occasion of the end of the Second Vatican Council. However, this one had a special character. In all letters, the brother bishops were first informed about one thousand years of Christianity in Poland, then an outline of the millennium history was given, emphasizing, if possible, common history. The Letter to the German Episcopate had a special significance symbolized by the famous words contained in it: “we grant forgiveness and we ask for forgiveness.” Twenty years after the end of the Second World War, in a communist Poland, where being anti-German (more precisely being anti-Western Germany) was an inherent feature of the official propaganda of the state, the Polish bishops undertook to write an alternative history of relations with the western neighbour. The article examines the Appeal, presenting the background of creating the document, recalling its text and interpreting the text, using keys derived from contemporary philosophy of forgiveness, such as for example Paul Ricoeur’s and Józef Tischner’s, as well as historical documents such as letters written by the authors of the Appeal. Thanks to the alternative history described by the letter, the Appeal has served for years not only as the first step on the way to German–Polish reconciliation but also as the first political declaration using the word “forgiveness” after the Second World War.

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Music in a ‘classless society’: Activities of members and ‘fellow travelers’ of communist party of Yugoslavia on the construction of conceptual and practical basis of the new musical order

Muzikologija ◽

10.2298/muz120309011v ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 27-52

Author(s):

Ivana Vesic

Keyword(s):

Dialectical Materialism ◽

Second World War ◽

Historical Narrative ◽

World War ◽

Literary Field ◽

The Public ◽

Cultural Policies ◽

History Of ◽

Classless Society ◽

Second World

On account of its illegal status in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the CPY underwent many transformations in its organizational structure and methods of political struggle during the 1920s and 1930s. Although there are different periodizations of the pre-Second World war history of the CPY, most historiographers designate as most important moments the termination of the five-year long dictatorship of King Aleksandar in 1934 and the implementation of new policies in Comintern in 1935. After that, the CPY began very dynamic political campaigning attempting to reach different parts of the population which affected the definition and application of its cultural policies. Closer alignment with the leftist element of the field of culture created fertile ground for the construction of a broad cultural programme as well as the institutional circuit that enabled the implementation of some of its parts. A group of music specialists among the left-oriented cultural actors contributed to the process of the conceptual and practical articulation of the parts of the programme regulating musical practice. The so-called ?left music front? activists developed plural perspectives in the discussion of the music order in a classless society, interpreting the problem of the popularization of high-art music as well as the emancipation of proletarian music from different ideological positions. In that process they leaned on a specific version of the canon of composers both in the local and international music traditions and also on a historical narrative grounded in a dialectical materialism that was deduced from the Soviet model of the history of music. At the dawn of the Second World War, ?left music front? became more homogenized which was the result of strict ideological disciplining of members of the CPY in that period. Unlike the leftist segment of the literary field in which party policies were strongly opposed and criticized publicly, there were no ideological conflicts of that sort in its musical counterpart. Because of strict political control of the public sphere, activists of the ?left music front? had difficulties in the implementation of their cultural programme. They focused mostly on cultural work within workers` and students` organizations and societies that gave them an opportunity to promote in the public some of the core concepts of that programme. Although the activities in the abovementioned organizations gave modest results in the process of the institutionalization of the CPY`s cultural policies, they could be seen as an important basis for the development of musical practices after the Second World War. Together with other artistic projects in the leftist part of the cultural field, the musical undertakings of the members and ?fellow travellers? of the CPY contributed to the pluralisation and differentiation of that field, creating an alternative understanding of the production of music as well as of cultural policies on music.

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MECHANIZATION OF SANITARY TRANSPORT AS A MAJOR FACTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMBULANCE SERVICE IN THE SOVIET BELARUS (1919-1939)

Health and Ecology Issues ◽

10.51523/2708-6011.2018-15-1-14 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 78-83

Author(s):

A. A. Kapliyev ◽

M. P. Kapliyeva

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Second World War ◽

Historical Research ◽

Ambulance Service ◽

Emergency Medical Care ◽

World War ◽

History Of ◽

Main Factors ◽

The Impact ◽

Second World

Objective : to study the main stages of development of sanitary transport and the impact of its mechanization on development of the ambulance service in the territory of the Soviet Belarus before the Second World War. Material and methods. The work has studied materials on history of medicine from the funds of state Belarusian and foreign archives. The analysis has been performed with the use of scientific and specialized historical research methods in accordance with the fundamental principles of historicism and objectivity. Results. The analysis has revealed the main factors that contributed to the development of the sanitary transport of the BSSR, as well as the main stages of its formation until the outbreak of the World War II. Conclusion. The most active modernization of the sanitary transport occurred in the second half of the 1930s, which precipitated the approach of professional emergency medical care to the population of the Soviet Belarus.

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Dreams of Greatness

Prescription for Change ◽

10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630625.003.0004 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Kinch

Keyword(s):

Modern Society ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

The West ◽

Trace Back ◽

Time Period ◽

Life Saving ◽

History Of ◽

The Impact ◽

Second World

This chapter details the birth of the pharmaceutical industry, whose roots trace back more than six millennia. While modern society struggles with opiate addiction, the problem is centuries old and fostered a literal trade war in the form of the Opium Wars of the 19th century and whose scars still muddle international relations of China with the West today. During this same time period, improvements in understanding opium facilitated the discovery of new and more potent products that nurtured modern companies such as Merck & Co. Perhaps no other discovery has impacted the industry or public health as much as antibiotics and we trace the history of these medicines and debunk misunderstandings and misattributions associated with their discovery. The impact of antibiotics was propelled by the Second World War, which also gave rise to the first treatments for cancer when two top-secret projects, one at Yale and another resulting from an audacious raid by the Luftwaffe upon an Italian port town, unexpectedly revealed the life-saving implications of mustard gas. Finally, we relate the triumphant and turbulent relationships that gave rise to the discoveyr of insulin and its widespread distribution by a paragon of “ethical pharmaceuticals”, Eli Lilly & Company.

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