Evaluation of udder health parameters and risk factors for clinical mastitis in Dutch dairy herds in the context of a restricted antimicrobial usage policy

To reduce the negative effects of mastitis in dairy heifers in early lactation on the future milking performance, the aim of this study was to define the time-related period of intramammary infections and to relate this to risk factors at heifer and quarter level for intramammary infections and subclinical mastitis. In total, 279 German Holstein Frisian heifers in three farms in Northern and Eastern Germany were included in this study. Quarter milk samples for cytomicrobiological examination were collected 3 ± 1 days after calving and 17 ± 3 days after calving, and risk factors at heifer and quarter level associated with intramammary infections and clinical mastitis were recorded during the trial period. Data were analyzed using logistic regression procedures and odds ratios were calculated. Calving at older ages increased the odds of intramammary infections with non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and coryneforms 17 ± 3 days after calving compared to heifers calving at a younger age. Detaching of milking cups during milking is a risk factor for new infections between day 3 ± 1 and 17 ± 3 postpartum. The milk yield after calving is associated with a decrease in intramammary infections with environmental pathogens and clinical mastitis. A high milk yield assists the development of udder edema with an increased risk of intramammary infections with NAS and coryneforms. An increased somatic cell count (SCC) after calving increased the odds of intramammary infections with contagious pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. The early lactation has an important influence on udder health and intramammary infections postpartum in dairy heifers. Udder quarters eliminated pathogens during early lactation by 6.9% for cases in this study. New infections manifest themselves up until 17 ± 3 days postpartum, especially with Corynebacterium spp. and NAS. In total, 82.9% of the infected quarters showed new infections with another pathogen species 17 ± 3 days postpartum than 3 ± 1 days postpartum. In conclusion, the early lactation has an important influence on udder health and intramammary infections postpartum in heifers with the possibility that udder quarters eliminate pathogens, but also the danger that new infections manifest themselves. Thus, the prevention of new infections by minimizing the associated risk factors is of great importance.

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Investigation of risk factors for clinical mastitis in British dairy herds with bulk milk somatic cell counts less than 150,000 cells/ml

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.158.19.649 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 158 (19) ◽

pp. 649-653 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

K. M. O'Reilly ◽

M. J. Green ◽

E. J. Peeler ◽

J. L. Fitzpatrick ◽

L. E. Green

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Somatic Cell ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Somatic Cell Counts ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Bulk Milk

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Association of herd-level risk factors and incidence rate of clinical mastitis in 20 Brazilian dairy herds

Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 9-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tiago Tomazi ◽

Gabriel C. Ferreira ◽

Alessandra M. Orsi ◽

Juliano L. Gonçalves ◽

Paula A. Ospina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Herd Level

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A Review on Sub Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle

10.31220/osf.io/ja7dp ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Champak Bhakat

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Early Detection ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Milk Production ◽

Management Practices ◽

Complex Disease ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Subclinical mastitis is the most prevalent and economically destructive disease in dairy cattle throughout the country. It is 3–40 times more common than clinical mastitis and causes the greatest overall losses in most dairy herds. It is a multi etiological complex disease which consists infectious and noninfectious agents as potential risk factors. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in cows increases with increased milk production, unhygienic management practices and with increasing number of lactation. There are no visible changes in the udder or milk but it reduces milk production and adversely affects milk quality. Early detection of sub clinical mastitis can be done by various indirect and direct tests.

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Risk Factors Associated with Clinical Mastitis in Low Somatic Cell Count British Dairy Herds

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75138-1 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (11) ◽

pp. 2464-2472 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

E.J. Peeler ◽

M.J. Green ◽

J.L. Fitzpatrick ◽

K.L. Morgan ◽

L.E. Green

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Somatic Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Somatic Cell Count ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Factors Associated

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Seroprevalence and Influence of Bovine Leukemia Virus on the Incidence of Mastitis in Dairy Herds

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.109458 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

Author(s):

Ítalo Câmara De Almeida ◽

Sayanne Luns Hatum Almeida ◽

Graziela Barioni ◽

Dirlei Molinari Donatele ◽

Renata Cogo Clipes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bovine Leukemia Virus ◽

Leukemia Virus ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis ◽

Calf Mortality ◽

Bovine Leukosis

Background: The enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a viral disease with a chronic aspect and its etiological agent is an oncogenic deltaretrovirus called bovine leukemia virus (VLB). It has a wide distribution in dairy cattle herds, and it may take several years before the first clinical manifestations occur. Animals seropositive for VLB are more susceptible to developing infectious diseases such as mastitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of EBL, the prevalence of mastitis, the possible association between leukosis and mastitis, and the risk factors related to leukosis in municipalities of the Caparaó region of Espírito Santo, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The prevalence of enzootic bovine leukosis and its association with mastitis were evaluated in an 854 clinically healthy crossbred (Bos tauros tauros x Bos taurus indicus) dairy cows were used, in different lactation phases, from farms located in the 12 municipalities that compose the Caparaó Capixaba micro-region, in the southern part of Espírito Santo, Brazil, in the period from February to July 2015. The seroprevalence of EBL was determined by the agar gel immunodiffusion test, the presence of clinical mastitis was ascertained by the black background mug test and of subclinical mastitis by the CMT. The reuse of needles, type of milking, reproductive management, calf mortality, presence of reproductive problems and milk yield were the risk factors assessed. The association between the variables was estimated by the odds ratio (95% confidence interval). The significance of the associations was determined by the Chi-square test. The prevalence of EBL, clinical and subclinical mastitis was 56.79%, 5.50% and 43.55%, respectively. There was a positive association between the EBL virus and the presence of subclinical mastitis (P < 0.05, OR = 1.41, CI = 1.07-1.86). The reuse of disposable needles (OR = 1.92, CI = 1.46-2.53), mechanical milking (OR = 2.03, CI = 1.34-3.08), calf mortality (OR = 2.39; CI = 1.25-4.55) and the presence of reproductive problems (OR = 1.62; CI = 1.23-2.14) were considered risk factors associated with LEB (P < 0.05).Discussion: Enzootic bovine leukosis is disseminated in the dairy herds in the municipalities the study. The lack of knowledge about EBL among farmers and the failure to adopt measures for its control and elimination favor the appearance of new cases in the herd. Factors such as animal age, absence of exams when purchasing animals, reuse of gloves for rectal palpation and needles, contribute to dissemination of the infection. The economic losses associated with subclinical mastitis can even be greater than those caused by clinical mastitis. The differences for prevalence of clinical mastitis can be associated with the breeding system, type of management, intensification and level of production. In this context, we noted a much larger number of animals with subclinical infection, where the losses may not be perceptible to the farmers. It is concluded that EBL is widespread in dairy herds of the municipalities of Caparaó Espírito Santo's region. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis is high in some cities surveyed. The presence of EBL increases the chances of developing subclinical mastitis. The reuse of disposable needles and mechanical milking were considered risk factors associated with EBL. Seroreagent animals for EBL are more likely to present calf mortality and reproductive problems. It is necessary to discuss the best sanitary management system for the region, with a better economic and social response and then carry out the elaboration of educational and implementation measures, through technical assistance.

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Epidemiology and antibiogram of common mastitis-causing bacteria in Beetal goats

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.2596-2607 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 2596-2607

Author(s):

Abdul Jabbar ◽

Muhammad Hassan Saleem ◽

Muhammad Zahid Iqbal ◽

Muhammad Qasim ◽

Muhammad Ashraf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Control Program ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Bacterial Colony ◽

E Coli ◽

Udder Health ◽

Ceftiofur Sodium

Background and Aim: Mastitis has been identified as the most prevalent and economically imperative disease among dairy animals. Thus, understanding its common bacterial pathogens and risk factors is necessary to improve udder health at herd, region, or country level. However, scientific research on caprine mastitis, especially on Beetal breed, has remained to be insufficient in Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and antibiogram assay of common mastitis-causing bacterial agents, that is, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli, in dairy goats. Materials and Methods: In total, 500 Beetal goats, irrespective of age and those that were not treated with any kind of antimicrobial agents during the past 120 h, were screened using California Mastitis Test in Pattoki, Kasur District, whereas epidemiological factors were recorded. The milk samples of mastitic goats were then collected and processed using standard methods. Each sample was primarily cultured on nutrient agar. Using a specific medium, each bacterial colony was separated using several streak methods. Six antibiotic disks belonging to different antibiotic groups were used for antibiogram profiling of bacterial isolates. Chi-square test was used to assess the association of baseline characteristics and mastitis occurrence. Meanwhile, multivariable logistic regression (p<0.001) was utilized to determine the risk factors associated with positive and negative dichotomous outcome of mastitis. Results: The results revealed that the overall prevalence of goat mastitis was 309 (61.8%), in which 260 (52%) and 49 (9.8%) cases were positive for subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM), respectively. Streptococcus and E. coli were found to be the predominant isolates causing SCM and CM, respectively (p<0.001). It was observed that amoxicillin+clavulanic acid was highly sensitive to isolates of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus and ceftiofur sodium to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli, while enrofloxacin was found to be sensitive to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli. Risk factors such as herd structure, deworming, vaccination, presence of ticks, use of teat dip and mineral supplements, feeding type, age, parity, housing, blood in the milk, milk leakage, milk taste, and milk yield were found to have the strongest association with mastitis occurrence, while ease of milking has moderate association. Conclusion: In the area examined, cases of SCM were found to be higher compared with that of CM, and ceftiofur sodium has been identified as the preferred treatment in both clinical and subclinical forms of caprine mastitis in Beetal goats. Risk factors for mastitis that was identified in this study can form the basis for the creation of an udder health control program specific for dairy goats. We hope our findings could raise awareness of the risk factors and treatment approaches for common mastitis-causing bacterial agents.

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Risk factors associated with the incidence of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis in Swedish dairy herds with a high milk yield and a low prevalence of subclinical mastitis

Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.002 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 142-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

A.-K. Nyman ◽

T. Ekman ◽

U. Emanuelson ◽

A.H. Gustafsson ◽

K. Holtenius ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Swedish Dairy ◽

Low Prevalence

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Antimicrobial Selection for the Treatment of Clinical Mastitis and the Efficacy of Penicillin Treatment Protocols in Large Estonian Dairy Herds

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics11010044 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 44

Author(s):

Anri Timonen ◽

Marju Sammul ◽

Suvi Taponen ◽

Tanel Kaart ◽

Kerli Mõtus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Treatment Protocols ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Antimicrobial Usage ◽

First Choice ◽

Penicillin Therapy ◽

Treatment Data ◽

Penicillin Treatment

Clinical mastitis (CM) is the most common microbial disease treated in dairy cows. We analyzed the antimicrobial usage in cows with CM (n = 11,420) in large dairy herds (n = 43) in Estonia. CM treatment data were collected during a 12-month study period. The antimicrobial usage was observed during the 21 days from the initiation of treatment, and the incidence of antimicrobial-treated CM was calculated for each study herd. The effect of intramammary (IMM), systemic, and combined (systemic and IMM) penicillin treatment of CM on the post-treatment somatic cell count (SCC) was analyzed using the treatment records of 2222 cows from 24 herds with a mixed multivariable linear regression model. The median incidence of antimicrobial-treated CM was 35.8 per 100 cow-years. Procaine benzylpenicillin and marbofloxacin were used in 6103 (35.5%, 95% CI 34.8–36.2) and 2839 (16.5%, 95% CI 16.0–17.1) CM treatments, respectively. Post-treatment SCC was higher after IMM penicillin therapy compared to systemic or combination therapy. Treatment of CM usually included first-choice antimicrobials, but different antimicrobial combinations were also widely used. The effect of procaine benzylpenicillin to post-treatment SCC was dependent on the administration route, cow parity, and days in milk. Further studies should evaluate the factors affecting veterinarians’ choice of antimicrobial used in the treatment of CM.

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