Effect of Reactivity Rate and Particle Size of Magnesium Oxide on Magnesium Availability, Acid-Base Balance, Mineral Metabolism, and Milking Performance of Dairy Cows

The original contributions of Jacob Lemann to mineral metabolism, especially calcium metabolism and idopathic hypercalciuria, are reviewed. One group of studies concern acid base balance and calcium loss, showing that acid loads increase calcium loss in the urine. Another group of studies concern the calciuria of glucose or carbohydrate ingestion, with the observation that stone patients, who as a population are enriched with hypercalciuria, respond with more exaggerated calciuria to glucose loads than do normal people. Yet another body of work shows that normal men, when given noncalcemic loads of calcitriol, exhibit two essential features of idiopathic hypercalciuria--hyperabsorptive hypercalciuria and bone mineral loss on a low-calcium diet. The final group of studies presented worked on the problem of thiazide hypocalciuric action, and where the calcium goes that does not appear in the urine, as well as the effects of potassium bicarbonate and sodium loads on mineral balance and acid base status.

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Determination of NABE in urine of high-yield dairy cows in early lactation in conditions of moderate heat stress

Veterinarski glasnik ◽

10.2298/vetgl1006349f ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 64 (5-6) ◽

pp. 349-358

Author(s):

Natalija Fratric ◽

Ivan Vujanac ◽

Horea Samanc ◽

Danijela Kirovski ◽

Dragan Gvozdic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

High Yield ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Urine Ph ◽

Base Balance ◽

Daily Milk Production

The work presents the results of investigations of the effect of moderate heat stress on the acidobasal status in high-yield dairy cows in early lactation. Improving performance in high-yield dairy cows increases their inclination toward metabolic disorders. The most likely to be affected is the acid-base balance, in particular when cows are exposed to heat stress. Investigations so far have shown that the taking of urine samples and their analysis is the best and fastest way to diagnose disorders in the acid-base balance. Investigations were carried out on 7 clinically healthy cows of the Holstein- Friesian breed in the phase of early lactation, 30 to 40 days (on days 30, 33 and 40 ) following calving during the summer period, during the month of July, when there were significant variations in daily and nightly temperatures. The cows were in the second and fourth lactation, the annual milk yield was 8000 L milk per cow. The average daily milk production in the early phase of lactation ranged from 35 to 40 L. The cows were fed mixed rations (TMR) twice daily. Lucerne hay in limited quantities was given to the cows prior to the mixed feed ration. The ration for this animal category was optimized on the grounds of the daily milk production. The balance of cations and anions in the feed ration stood at 95 mEq/kg DM. The results clearly demonstrate the cows' response to moderate heat stress through the defense parameters in urine (urine pH, NABE (net-acid-base-excretion), acids, bases, ammonium ion (NH4). The determination of the kidney NABE yields more correct data than the urine pH on acidotic conditions. The results of examinations of the urine pH do not show any digressions from physiological values and are approximately the same in all cows during the investigated periods. Normal NABE values are from 100-200 mmol/L. Burdening with acid products results in a NABE range from 0-100mmol/L, and metabolic acidosis results in NAB<0 mmol/L. NABE in the cows in this experiment revealed that the organism is burdened by acid metabolic products and it stood at 58.28?27.96 mmol/L on day 30, 69.28?29.89 mmol/L on day 33, and 60.60?26.88mmol/L on day 40. Consequently, it seems that NABE values are decreased in cases of acidosis due to stepped up H+ excretion and stepped up bicarbonate reabsorption.

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The Effect of Phosphoric Acid Silage on the Acid-Base Balance in Dairy Cows

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(40)95587-4 ◽

1940 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 1013-1022 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

O.L. Lepard ◽

Edouard Pagé ◽

L.A. Maynard ◽

R.A. Rasmussen ◽

E.S. Savage

Keyword(s):

Phosphoric Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Balance

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Acid-base balance of dairy cows and its relationship with alcoholic stability and mineral composition of milk

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2014000500002 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 398-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Rafael Fagnani ◽

Vanerli Beloti ◽

Ana Paula P. Battaglini

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Mineral Composition ◽

Respiratory Alkalosis ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Average Amount ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Balance

This study aimed to associate the occurrence of acid-base disorders with the alcoholic stability of milk from animals in the field, and to evaluate differences between the mineral composition of milk that was both stable and unstable in alcohol. The sample comprised 96 dairy cows, where the milk and blood of each corresponding animal was collected. The mineral composition of stable and unstable milk in alcohol was different and may be related to acid-base disturbances. The average amount of phosphate was lower in the milk that was unstable in alcohol, while potassium was greater. Frequency of the alcoholically unstable milk cases was higher in the cows with acid-base disturbances. Respiratory alkalosis was the disorder that was most observed.

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Apheresis affects bone and mineral metabolism, acid–base balance and bone density

Bone ◽

10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.099 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. S239

Author(s):

K. Amrein ◽

C. Katschnig ◽

T.R. Pieber ◽

E. Stach ◽

G. Lanzer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Density ◽

Mineral Metabolism ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Balance

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The impact of dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) on the acid-base balance and calcium metabolism of non-lactating, non-pregnant dairy cows fed equal amounts of different anionic salts

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029907002439 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 311-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Carl-Christian Gelfert ◽

S Leonie Loeffler ◽

Sven Frömer ◽

Maike Engel ◽

Helmut Hartmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Calcium Metabolism ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Balance ◽

The Impact ◽

Serum And Urine

We evaluated the impact of the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on the influence of anionic salts (AS) on the metabolism of dairy cows using a study-design that included control of feed intake. Ten mature, non-lactating, non-pregnant, Holstein-Friesian-crossbreed cows received 2000 mEq of either one of the seven anionic salts tested, two combinations of the anionic salts or water as control via a rumen cannula. Salts and controls were assigned in a 10×10 Latin square design. Whole blood, serum and urine samples were taken during treatment (TP) and washout period. Samples of whole blood were tested for pH, base-excess and bicarbonate concentrations. In urine, pH and net acid-base excretion (NABE) were analysed. Calcium was measured in serum and urine. According to the different batches of hay, five groups of DCAD were created regarding cluster analysis. Changes in urine and blood parameters were statistically analysed for each DCAD group separately. The different DCAD had an impact on the amount of change in acid-base balance (ABB) and calcium metabolism and for how long these changes lasted. In the DCAD group receiving the highest amount of AS (239 mEq/kg dry matter with AS), changes of ABB were only noticeable in urine and these changes only differed from day zero in the first week of TP (P<0·05). In the other four groups changes of ABB were also visible in blood parameters, but only on a few days of TP did the deviations differ significantly (P<0·05) from day zero. Changes of ABB parameters in urine samples were more pronounced than those in blood and differed clearly from day zero (P<0·05). Parallel to the changes of ABB, calcium concentrations in these samples were significantly increased (P<0·001) in all DCAD groups. Except for the highest DCAD group, ionized calcium concentrations changed over time (P<0·020). However, the differences were very small and only differed from day zero on a few TP days. We conclude that the DCAD of a dairy cow's diet has an important impact on the effect of AS on ABB and calcium metabolism with respect to the duration and amount of change. The target regions of DCAD should be clearly below 100 mEq/kg dry matter to ensure the desired effect on ABB and calcium metabolism. Extremely negative DCAD should be avoided to minimize the risk of clinical acidosis induced by AS.

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Effect of anionic salts on some blood and urine minerals, acid-base balance and udder oedema of dry pregnant cows

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.5744 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 83-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. TAURIAINEN ◽

S. SANKARI ◽

S. PYÖRÄLÄ

Keyword(s):

Mineral Metabolism ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Dry Period ◽

Acid Base ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Base Balance ◽

Concentrate Mixture ◽

Blood And Urine Samples ◽

Acid Base Status ◽

Friesian Cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an anionic diet on mineral metabolism, acid-base status and udder oedema of dairy cows fed grass silage based diets during the dry period. Eighteen pregnant, non-lactating Friesian cows were divided randomly into two groups according to their expected calving date. Dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB), calculated as mill equivalents [(Na + + K + ) - (Cl - + S 2- )], for high DCAB (control) and low DCAB treatments were +254 and -41 mEq kg -1 dry matter (DM), respectively. Anionic salts were ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl), magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) and magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4 ). Cows received grass silage (5.2 kg DM), hay (0.9 kg DM) and a concentrate mixture (2.7 kg DM) until calving. Blood and urine samples were collected 4, 3, 2 and 1 week before the expected calving date, at calving, 1 day and 1 week after calving. Udder oedema was evaluated by a quantitative and a subjective method. Acidification resulted in a marked decrease in urinary pH, increased urinary Ca excretion and a change in blood acidbase balance. Blood Ca 2+ and plasma Ca tot concentrations were more stable at parturition for the anionic group, although such differences were not statistically significant. Anionic salts (DCAB -41 mEq kg -1 DM) did not cause udder oedema in experimental cows.;

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