The effect of various fluoride products on dentine lesions during pH-cycling

This study compared the effect of topically applied fluoride products on dentine lesions in an in vitro experiment. Demineralized bovine dentine specimens were treated once with either SDF solution (35,400 ppm F), NaF varnish (22,600 ppm F), TiF4 solution (9,200 ppm F), SnF2 gel (1,000 ppm F), no treatment (control) or preserved as baseline lesions. After the application and subsequent removal of the fluoride products, the specimens were subjected to pH-cycling. Calcium loss and uptake in the de- and remineralization buffers were assessed daily. Fluoride release into the buffers was analyzed on day 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 13. After the pH-cycling period, mineral distribution throughout the lesion depth was analyzed using transversal microradiography (TMR). X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) examined the deposition of silver, titanium and tin after application of SDF, TiF4, and SnF2, respectively. Overall, calcium loss and uptake analysis in the de- and remineralization buffers revealed that the SDF product was the most effective in inhibiting lesion progression, followed by the TiF4, NaF, and SnF2 products. Fluoride analysis disclosed a steep reduction of the amount of fluoride released into de- and remineralization buffers with time. The fluoride effects on de- and remineralization continued beyond the days that fluoride was released into the buffers. TMR analysis showed significant remineralization in the outer zone of the dentine lesions for all fluoride products, with SDF giving hyper-mineralization in this zone. In the inner zone, lesions developed in all fluoride groups, with the smallest in the SDF group. EDS showed silver and titanium deposition in depth up to 85 μm and 8 μm, respectively, while no tin deposition was observed. The silver in the dentine lesions did not contribute significantly to the density of the TMR profiles in the SDF group. In conclusion, all topical fluoride products protected the dentine lesions against lesion progression, but at different degrees. SDF showed a superior effect in protection against further demineralization and enhancement of remineralization. This was probably attributed to its fluoride concentration that was the highest among the fluoride products.

Vitamin K alleviates bone calcium loss caused by Salmonella Enteritidis through carboxylation of osteocalcin

Background The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of vitamin K (VK) supplementation on bone health of laying hens challenged by Salmonella Enteritidis. Methods A total of 80 32-week-old double negative salmonella-free brown-egg laying hens were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 20 replicates each (1 bird per replicate) according to a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 dietary VK supplementation levels [0 mg/kg (VK0) vs 2 mg/kg VK (VK2) and 2 challenge treatments [Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) vs physiological saline solution (PS)]. During the last 3 days of week 43 of age, birds of both VK treatments were either orally challenged with 1.0 mL suspension of 109 cfu/mL S. Enteritidis daily or received the same volume of PS. Results The laying rate, daily egg mass, tibia strength, CT, cOC and cOC/(cOC + ucOC) of VK2 treatment increased (P < 0.05) in contrast to VK0, however, the medullary area and ucOC of VK2 treatment decreased (P < 0.05) in contrast to VK0. Mortality, medullary area, serum Ca content of SE treatments increased (P < 0.05) in contrast to PS treatments. In both SE treatments, the decrease (P < 0.05) in birds’ tibia strength was associated with higher (P < 0.05) Ca levels in serum. There is an interaction (P < 0.05) between SE challenge and VK levels with regard to tibia strength and serum Ca levels. At week 42, serum CT was positively correlated with cOC (R = 0.99, P = 0.009); at week 44, tibia strength was positively correlated with BMD (R = 0.95, P = 0.045), but negatively correlated with medullary area (R = − 0.98, P = 0.018). Conclusions VK (2 mg/kg) supplementation to diets of laying hens can enhance bone strength under challenge situations with Salmonella Enteritidis. Medullary area has proven to be a sensitive biomarker for bone calcium loss caused by SE infection.

Hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration-induced transient hypercalcemia: an unrecognized phenomenon with potential for calcium-loss and vascular calcification

Uremic vascular calcification is prevalent in 70-80% of end-stage kidney disease (ESRD) patients and is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this study we report our experience with significant transient hypercalcemia during maintenance hemodialysis (HD) in 105 patients and hemodiafiltration (HDF) in another 44 ones. The studied patients had controlled predialysis levels of calcium, phosphorus, 1, 25 vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Treatment was associated with high dialysate calcium and low serum phosphorus without significant changes in parathyroid hormone levels. Pre-treatment with a single dose of Fosamax; resulted in amelioration of hypercalcemia indicating its bone etiology. In conclusion; maintenance HD and HDF are associated with inherent hypercalcemia which may contribute to osteomalacia and uremic vascular calcification in ESRD patients. Keywords: Bisphosphonates, HD, HDF, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, osteomalacia, vascular calcification, uremia.

ESTIMATION OF CALCIUM REQUIREMENT OF GROWING YANKASA LAMBS BY FACTORIAL METHOD

Fifty-two Yankasa lambs of mixed sexes age, 6 to 8 months, were used in this study to determine calcium requirement. Varying levels of dietary calcium viz: 0.28, 0.42, 0.56, 0.70, 0.86, 0.99 and 1.15% were tested in a Completely randomized design. Phosphorus was kept constant at the level in the control ration. The criteria of adequacy employed included clinical observations, growth performance and mineral retention. No clinical abnormality was Observed among the groups throughout the experimental period. Although growth performance improved with increase in dietary calcium level, treatment effects among groups on 030, 0.86, 0.99 and 1.15% dietary levels were not significant (P > 0.05). Apparent dry matter digestibility and calcium retention improved with increase in dietary calcium. Mean calcium requirement for lambs was 305 mg/day/kg body weight. Comparisons with the findings of some temperate workers showed that while the endogenous calcium loss for lambs in this region was lower, their requirement for calcium Was higher than those in the temperate region

Dinâmica da composição lipídica das fórmulas infantis e suas implicações clínicas

In human milk, the role of lipids as a source for the adequate growth and development of the infant is highlighted. The lipidic system of breast milk, responsible for approximately 50% of calories, is structured for the newborn and the infant. Digestion and absorption of lipids are facilitated by the organization of fat, the type of fatty acid (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids, etc.), the composition of triglycerides and the lipase stimulated by bile salts. In addition, milk contains docosahexaenoic acid, which allows optimal neurological and immunological development. Although the lipid structure of breast milk is extremely complex, it should serve as a model for the dynamics of the lipid composition of infant formulas. The addition of long-chain fatty acids (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids) linked to phospholipids in infant formulas can contribute to a better development of infants, as well as acting on the immune system and metabolic imprinting, reducing the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Infants receiving formulas with palmitic acid in theß-2 position have a higher lactobacillus count in the feces, when compared to those receiving formulas with palmitic acid in the ß-1 and ß-3 positions, promoting the maintenance of intestinal eubiosis. Infants receiving formulas with ß-2 palmitic acid present bone health similar to infants breastfeeding, as fecal calcium loss does not occur.

Effects of Rambutan Peel (Nepheliumlappaceum) PhenolicExtract on RANKL-Induced Differentiation of RAW264.7 Cells into Osteoclasts and Retinoic Acid-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats

Previous studies have shown that rambutan peel phenolic (RPP) extract has excellent biological activities due to its abundant phenolic content and profile. In this study, the potential anti-osteoporosis (OP) effects of RPP were evaluated by suppressing receptor activator nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclasts and amelioratingretinoic acid-induced OP in rats. Our results showed that RPP efficiently decreased the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells and reduced total TRAP activity in RAW264.7 cells under RANKL stimulation. RPP treatment significantlyameliorated retinoid acid-induced calcium loss in rats (p < 0.05). The serum phosphorus level of osteoporotic rats was increased by RPP treatment, and the serum levels of total alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in osteoporotic rats were further reduced. RPP treatment improved the qualities of the femur and tibia, such asbone mineral density, bone length, bone maximum load, cortical bone area ratio, and trabecularelative bone density in osteoporotic rats to some extent. Furthermore, histological analysis showed that RPP effectively improved the bone microstructure of osteoporotic rats by regulating the cortical bone thickness and trabecular bone separation. These results indicate that RPP could have potential applications as a newnutraceutical and functional food in the prevention of OP.

The Utilization of Catfish Bone Waste as Microcalcium by Different Preparation Methods

In order to improve the quality of catfish bone flour, the sol-gel method was used to extract calcium. The purpose of the research was to compare calcium characterization, specifically chemical and physical quality based on discrepancy extraction methods. Completely Random Design was used as a factor with different calcium extraction, which were sol-gel method with agitation, a sol-gel treatment without agitation and the conventional way. Each treatment replicated in three folds. The results showed that the sol-gel process with agitation increased catfish bone flour quality (p<0.05), namely calcium (16.02%) and phosphor (5.13). Compared to the conventional method, the sol-gel way with and without agitation reduced particle size from from micro to sub-micro size by 174.67 µm to 3.82 and 5.12 µm respectively. The highest whiteness index (84.18) made micro calcium prepared by sol-gel method with agitation process as prospective for food fortification. Based on microscopic observation, catfish bone flour has calcite shape and stable structure which prospective used to substitute calcium loss in the bone.