scholarly journals Effects of Young and Ageing Population on Education Expenditure

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 86-105
Author(s):  
Nur Haiza Nordin ◽  
Normaz Wana Ismail ◽  
Nur Naddia Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
China And India ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bound Test

The motivation of the study is to analyze the impact of young and ageing population on education expenditure in China and India as demographic projection forecast that the percentage of population in India are increasing overtime. The used of long time series data of China and India from 1970 to 2011 helps us to identify the long-run relationship between young and ageing population and education expenditure. The result of the bound test showed that there is a stable long-run relationship between young population and education expenditure, while ageing population is negative relationship with education expenditure. In fact, short-term and long-term result revealed that the young population influences education expenditure in China and India.

Malaysia’s Healthcare Expenditure: ARDL Bound Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Noormahayu Binti Mohd Nasir ◽  
Zarul Azhar Nasir ◽  
Norasyikin Abdullah Fahami ◽  
Muhammad Adidinizar Zia Ahmad Kusairee ◽  
Khalijah Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Regression Result ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Bound Test ◽  
Ardl Bound Test

This study aims to analyse the relationships between income level, education expenditure, inflation, and ageing population towards health expenditure in Malaysia over the period of 1997 until 2017.  This study employs Autoregressive Distributed-Lag (ARDL) Bound test in determining the long-run empirical relationships between all independent variables and healthcare expenditures in Malaysia.  The findings show the existence of long run cointegration between healthcare expenditure inflation, income level, and the government’s education expenditure.  The results confirmed that all independent variables have positive long run relationships, except the ageing population that displays a negative relationship in influencing healthcare expenditure in Malaysia. The regression result of GDPP shows income elasticity value of 0.690, reflecting the necessity of healthcare expenditure. The outcome of the paper hopes to provide insights on the importance of healthcare expenditure for the development of this country, especially on its economic fronts.

scholarly journals Impact of Women Education on Economic Growth: An Evidence from Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Kiran Zahra ◽  
Mudassar Yasin ◽  
Baserat Sultana ◽  
Zulqarnain Haider ◽  
Raheela Khatoon
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Education is the most fundamental right in the current situation, and it is an essential element of economic growth. No country can achieve economic development and goals without investing in education. Pakistan’s economic development is possible when education is equal for both men and women, but the government did not give importance to the sector as it deserved. This study investigated the determinants of female higher education in Pakistan and the impact of women's education on the economic growth of Pakistan. This study utilized time-series data from 1991 to 2019. The autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) model is applied to estimate the impact. The result shows that in Pakistan, education expenditure has no positive effect on female education. In contrast, a positive relationship between female higher education and GDP growth exists, but this relation is not strong in the short run and long run.

Factors Affecting International Reserves with Special Reference to India

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kashif ◽  
P. Sridharan ◽  
S. Thiyagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
International Reserves ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

World international reserves holdings have accelerated sharply in recent times. Countries particularly developing ones are competitive enough to hoard these reserves and top 10 major holders are mostly from Asia. Interestingly India comes only ninth among them. Developing countries, particularly India, are in line to hoard foreign reserves and there are certain factors that affect international reserves holdings. This study analysed the impact of few macroeconomic factors on these reserves. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests were employed to check the stationarity of the variables on the time series data that were of annual frequency. It was found that all variables were co-integrated signalling long-run relationship. Error correction mechanism (ECM) was implemented to get short-run dynamics for which a negative relation was established for trade openness (TRDOP) which contradicts previous studies. The negative relationship of TRDOP with international reserves in India could be due to the outcome of sustained trade deficits of Indian balance of payments. The economic growth variable exhibits a positive relationship which is consistent with previous studies. All variables were found significant at a 5 per cent level. The ECM suggested the same results as its long-run counterpart.

scholarly journals The Impact on Unemployment of Social Security Contributions: the Empiricial Analysis in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Filiz Giray ◽  
Mehmet Çınar
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Social Security Contributions ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bound Test

Social security contributions are important public incomes after taxes in OECD countries. Beside, social security contributions as a mean of the finance of social security system is a determiner on the main macroeconomic factors such as savings, employment, the cost of employment, the level of shadow economy, economic growth, competitiveness and income inequality. Employment has been important policy goals in Turkey like many OECD countries during recent decades. High unemployment rate is a serious problem for countries. Effecting negatively labor market, high burden of social security contributions causes low level of employment. The aim of this study is to find the relationship between social security contributions and unemployment for Turkey. Therefore, we can evaluate whether reducing social security contributions is a way reducing of unemployment or not. We use time series data during period 1965-2015. The research methodology is based on an analysis of indicators as unemployment rate, social security contributions as percentage of GDPs, the percentage of total tax revenues. Unit root test is non-stationary for social security contributions. On the other hand, unemployment is stationary for related period. The long run relationship between variables was tested by ARDL bound test approach. Based on the sample results, there is a long run cointegration between social security contributions and unemployment rate (both as percentage of GDP and percentage of taxation).

scholarly journals An Examination of the Impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Services Sector in Nigeria: an Empirical Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ameh Ojiya ◽  
Ngwu Jerome Chukwuemeka ◽  
B.A. Daneji ◽  
George Duhu Isiwu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Political Class ◽  
Sector Reform ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

<p><em>The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Services Sector in Nigeria between 1999-2016. The study employed secondary annual time series data sourced from World Bank database (2016). The methodology adopted for the study was Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF); a test for long-run relationship using ARDL Bounds Testing approach  with analysis of long-run and short-run dynamics in the model. A striking revelation from the study is the inverse relationship that exists between manufacturing output and electricity consumption in Nigeria within the period referenced. </em><em>This negative relationship is not unconnected with widespread allegation of misappropriation of budgeted funds for the Power Sector by successive administrations in Nigeria since 1999.  It must be stated in clear terms that constant and consistent electricity generation, transmission and distribution is sine-qua-none for the growth of the national economy. Virtually all sectors of the economy depend on the supply of electricity to do business and so the lack of this vital ingredient of growth contributes in no small measure in stagnating economic growth and development. Efforts at reforming the power sector can only be fruitful when ALL stakeholders in the power sector including the political class put away their personal agendas and take the bull by the horn towards rescuing the nation from the looming danger of stagnant economic growth. Furthermore, </em><em>there is the need for the Nigerian government to come up with new, better and alternative ways of improving energy generation and supply, as well as proper maintenance of electricity infrastructure in the country.</em></p>

scholarly journals The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Manufacturing Sector Value Added in Ethiopia: An Application of Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagim Tadesse Bekele ◽  
Meskerem Teka Haile
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bound Test

The role of the manufacturing sector for the economic growth and structural change is very low in Ethiopia and performing less compering with that of the other sectors in the economy. So, this research tried to look at how different macroeconomic variables affect the manufacturing sector value added by using annual time series data from 1982 to 2018 estimated by Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL). The result from the Bound test shows manufacturing sector value added has a long-run relationship with macroeconomic variables in the model. In the long-run, general inflation rate, exchange rate, and trade openness have a significant negative effect on the manufacturing sector value-added. In contrast, general government expenditure has a significant positive effect. Also, the Error Correction model shows an adjustment towards the long-run equilibrium of the manufacturing sector value-added. So, the government has to control the general inflation level, promote demand for domestic manufacturing products and competitiveness of domestic firms, and strengthen the backward link of the sector to decrease its import-input dependency to reduce the effect of exchange rate depressions. Lastly, effective and efficient government expenditure will have to be used to increase the manufacturing sector value-added.

scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis of Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akram ◽  
Mahpara .
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of foreign aid on economic growth of Pakistan. The time series data for the period 1980-2008 is used by applying OLS regression model and two diagnostic methods namely Breusch-Pagon and Durbin-Watson tests. Results depict that foreign aid is insignificantly related to the economic growth to Pakistan for short-run and long-run. By excluding the foreign direct investment, results are significant but still a negative relationship exists. This study will help to government organizations by recognizing about the impact of foreign aid on economic growth.

scholarly journals The Impact of Corruption on Economic Growth in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-50
Author(s):  
Muftau Olaiya Olarinde ◽  
Jacob Msonter Jonathan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bound Test

This study empirically analyses the impact of corruption on economic growth in Nigeria, using time series data for the period 1980-2015 analyzed through the ARDL technique.  The result of the Bound test confirmed the existence of Cointegration among the variables. The ARDL results revealed that corruption has a significant negative influence on economic growth both in the short run and long run. It was further confirmed that external debt, agricultural output, and human capital development positively impact growth while FDI and inflation rate endanger growth, in both the short and long run. The result of the interacting term revealed the damaging influence of corruption on the positive impact of human capital expenditure and external debt on economic growth. Based on the findings of the study, it is obvious that achievement of growth that is sustainable will remain elusive in a corrupt environment. The study, therefore recommends that government should strengthen the activities of the anti-corruption agencies in Nigeria to reduce the rate of corruption.

scholarly journals TRADE OPENNESS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MALAYSIA FROM 1980-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Khairunisah Kamsin ◽  
James Alin ◽  
Mori Kogid
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Wald Test ◽  
Real Effective Exchange Rate ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bound Test

This study analyses the impact of trade openness on economic growth, between 1980-2018. This study using the unit root test (ADF) and the Philip and Perron (PP) test to examine the stationary of the time series data, the ARDL test to show the cointegration and long-run relationship between variables, and the Wald test to show the short-term effect of the variables. The finding shows that all variables have a long-run relationship with economic growth and the bound test shows that foreign direct investment (FDI) and the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) have a positive and significant relationship with economic growth. The study also found that openness is correlated with economic growth in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Ageing Population and Economic Growth: Evidence from Malaysia

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Shairilizwan Taasim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Development Expenditure ◽  
The Impact

This main purpose of this article investigated the impact of ageing population on economic growth in Malaysia. Annual time series data for 27-year duration (1990-2017) was used and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) was applied. This study will focuses on addressing role of ageing population in Malaysia by context that failed to receive much attention especially in employment sector. By using Romer [1] endogenous theory, the cointegration result revealed that exists a long run relationship exists between ageing population in Malaysia government development expenditure in education and economic growth. Our analysis recommends further investment in government expenditure in education sector to achieving higher human capital capability as a towards high income country and ageing phenomena.

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