THE MILITARY AWARD OF INDONESIA BINTANG SAKTI — THE SACRED STAR

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-228
Author(s):  
A. O. Zakharov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human History ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
First Order ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

Military awards and decorations glorify winners, immortalize victories and reflect world outlooks of their times. These functions place them among the most attractive, informative and curious cultural things in human history. The highest military awards, like the Soviet Order of Victory, symbolize the scale of battles, whereas campaign medals reflect the course of warfare. Military decorations usually imply mortal threats or even acts of heroism of their owners, not being awarded for labour or other civilian activities. Military orders and medals are in great demand among the collectors, being better known for public than other orders and medals. For example, the Japanese military Order of the Golden Kite seems to be the most famous decoration of Japan even now, seventy years after its abolition. The first order of Indonesia is the Bintang Gerilya — The Guerilla Star, instituted in 1949. Its form looks like an imitation of the Ottoman Gallipoli Star. The Bintang Gerilya reflects the modus operandi adopted by Indonesia during its wars for Independence against the Dutch. During the late fifties, the Indonesian Army took control over the nationalized factories and other businesses previously belonging to the Dutch. The Indonesian Army also turned more professional due to actions of several top grass commanders, like Nasution and Gatot Soebroto. The Army and Indonesian Government managed to put down some important separatist movements across the Malay (Indonesian) Archipelago. Obvious military success needed to be praised. In 1958 the highest military award of Indonesia — the Bintang Sakti, or Sacred Star — was instituted. The statute and history of the Bintang Sakti are the subjects of this paper.

The Military Orders and the Spanish Reconquest in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

Traditio ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 197-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Forey
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

In recent years renewed interest has been shown in the history of the military orders in the Iberian peninsula, and a considerable number of studies have been published both in Spain and elsewhere. Yet most of the works that are concerned with the medieval period treat of a single order, and little attempt has been made to provide general surveys. Obviously much detailed research still needs to be undertaken before definitive conclusions can be formulated, and the nature of the evidence makes the discussion of some topics more difficult than that of others. The surviving sources supply more direct information about rights and privileges than about the orders' role in the struggle against Islam. But, as the function of the military orders was to fight against the infidel, their contribution to the reconquista is a subject that merits investigation, despite the limitations of the evidence.

Analyzing Collective Violence in Indonesia: An Overview

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Varshney
Keyword(s):  
East Timor ◽  
New Order ◽  
Collective Violence ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Violence ◽  
Primary School Age ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Military

In 2001, using violent junctures in the life of a seventy-year-old Indonesian as a metaphor for the whole nation, Benedict Anderson summarized the history of violence in Indonesia in a poignant manner:A seventy year old Indonesian woman or man today will have observed and/or directly experienced the following: as a primary school age child, the police-state authoritarianism of … Dutch colonial rule …; as a young teenager, the wartime Japanese military regime, which regularly practiced torture in private and executions in public …; on the eve of adulthood, four years (1945–49) of popular struggle for national liberation … at the cost of hundreds of thousands of lives; as a young mother or father … the cataclysm of 1965–66, when at least 600,000 and perhaps as many as two million people … were slaughtered by the military; in the middle age, the New Order police-state, and its bloody attempt to annex East Timor, which cost over 200,000 East Timorese lives …; in old age, the spread of armed resistance in … Aceh and West Papua, the savage riots of May 1998 … and … the outbreak of ruthless internecine confessional warfare in the long peaceful Moluccas. (Anderson 2001, 9–10)

The Military Orders in the Crusading Proposals of the Late-Thirteenth and Early-Fourteenth Centuries

Traditio ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 317-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Forey
Keyword(s):  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Secular Clergy ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Establishment ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Temple

The most outstanding event in the history of the military orders at the end of the thirteenth and start of the fourteenth centuries was, of course, the dissolution of the Temple. This was not, however, an isolated happening. Although the accusations which led to the abolition of that order had been publicly voiced only shortly before the Templars‘ arrest, the proceedings against the Temple took place at a time when criticism of the military orders in general was mounting, and this growth of hostile opinion no doubt facilitated Philip IV's attack on the Templars. Ever since their foundation the military orders had been subjected to some criticism, but much early censure had been of a kind which might be directed against any religious establishment, especially by members of the secular clergy who found that their authority and resources were being impaired by the privileges which the military orders and other religious institutions enjoyed: it was not primarily concerned with the orders’ contribution to the struggle against the infidel. But as the fortunes of the crusading states declined, the military orders became increasingly criticised for their inadequacies as defenders of Christendom. Defeat in the Holy Land had to be explained by faults on the Christian side rather than in terms of Muslim superiority, and the military orders were an obvious target for attack. The authors of the numerous crusading proposals which were put forward in the late-thirteenth and early-fourteenth centuries were inevitably influenced by this growing criticism, and many crusading plans therefore included suggestions concerning the military orders. Those who drew up proposals did not themselves provide a reasoned or detailed account of the orders' faults or attempt to judge to what extent these failings contributed to Christian defeats, but the criticisms on which they based their plans were clearly not altogether groundless: although some strictures were ill-informed or excessive, the policies which the orders themselves pursued certainly provided a starting-point for the growth of hostile opinion. Yet some writers did not seek merely to remedy existing defects in the orders; they sought also to discuss what the role of the military order should be in the struggle against the infidel, and thus viewed the subject in a rather wider context.

The 10,000 Persian Immortals, a Model for the Special Indoeuropean Troops

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Mădălina Strechie
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Postal Service ◽  
Human History ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
First Case ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe history of humanity got from the Persians the first imperial organization, the first process of integration of the conquered ones, the first postal service, the most effective means of communication at the dawn of Antiquity, and also the best organized militarized services.The most special of the Indo-European Antiquity troops was the Royal Guard, founded by Darius I, one of the great kings of humanity, a political titan, and equally an extraordinary general through his institutional creations of force. The Royal Guard of Darius I, known in history as the 10,000 immortals, is the subject of our study, as it is one of the most complex special militarized structures in human history of all time, inspiring the military structures of all the Indo-Europeans, whether the Hoplite revolution, the organization of the Macedonian phalanx or the Roman Praetorian Guard and more than that.The 10,000 immortals combined not only the heroic character (while multiplying it), which appeared for the first time with the Greeks of the Homeric period, but also strict discipline, in the Spartan sense, contemporary with this troop, the organization and the well-developed logistics, which would inspire the Roman army, the military brotherhoods characteristic of all the Indo-Europeans, but this totally special troop, in particular, imposed the model of the educated (even intellectual) military man, a soldier of the supreme god of the Good, faithful first of all to the Good and to his king, a military man who used all the weapons of the time.This special troop was a true institution that also provided information to the Persian king, information being one of the most effective weapons. Moreover, the Persians through this Royal Guard used for the first time psychological impact as a weapon, this being the first case of effective manipulation by the number that was kept constant, but also by name. Only the gods were immortal, and the very large number of soldiers who made up this special troop is impressive even today. The armament of this extraordinary troop comprised all the weapons of the time, the bow above all, which the Aryans considered the favourite weapon of Indra, the most warlike god of the Indo-European gods.

scholarly journals The Horrors of War in the History of German Literature: From Heinrich Wittenwiler and Hans Jacob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen to Rainer Maria Remarque

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-144
Author(s):  
Albrecht Classen
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
German Literature ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Human History ◽  
Great Literature ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Epic Poems ◽  
The Military

As terrible as wars have always been, for the losers as well as for the winners, considering the massive killings, destruction, and general horror resulting from it all, poets throughout time have responded to this miserable situation by writing deeply moving novels, plays, poems, epic poems, and other works. The history of Germany, above all, has been filled with a long series of wars, but those have also been paralleled by major literary works describing those wars, criticizing them, and outlining the devastating consequences, here disregarding those narratives that deliberately idealized the military events. While wars take place on the ground and affect people, animals, objects, and nature at large, poets have always taken us to imaginary worlds where they could powerfully reflect on the causes and outcomes of the brutal operations. This paper takes into view some major German works from the early fifteenth through the early twentieth century in order to identify a fundamental discourse that makes war so valuable for history and culture, after all. Curiously, as we will recognize through a comparative analysis, some of the worst conditions in human history have produced some of the most aesthetically pleasing and most meaningful artistic or literary texts. So, as this paper will illustrate, the experience of war, justified or not, has been a cornerstone of medieval, early modern, and modern literature. However, it is far from me to suggest that we would need wars for great literature to emerge. On the contrary, great literature serves as the public conscience fighting against wars and the massive violence resulting from it.

Ordered to Disarm, Encouraged to Rearm: Japan’s Struggles with the Postwar

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-160
Author(s):  
Garren Mulloy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Institution ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Military

In the fall of 1945, the Japanese military institution’s end was sudden and final, one of the central ordering institutions of East Asia since the late-nineteenth century disappeared. Or did it? As Garren Mulloy shows, the Japanese imperial military institutions – its ethos, cultures, and personnel – were recast and reinvented in the Cold War as the United States sought to transform Japan into a key ally. In a detailed historical examination of the imperial roots of the SDF, Mulloy examines how the military institution of the fallen empire was sustained and then reconfigured to serve the new era of democracy and an international order dominated by the United States. In the process he recasts Japanese post-1945 security in a new postimperial key, focusing on the first two decades of security transformation, and showing how once imperial officers latched onto the Cold War help to reinvent the Japanese military as a territorially bound Self Defense Force. In the process he revises the familiar story of demilitarization and pacifism into a more complicated and ambivalent history of transwar martial cultures and practises which continued to flourish deep into the 1960s.

scholarly journals Patrimonio urbano y heráldica gentilicia de la hidalguía albacetense a través de los Cantos Barnuevo y los Carrasco

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 5-40
Author(s):  
Elvira Valero de la Rosa
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military

Reconstructing the history of El Rosario inn, before it was lodging, has brought us to its true owners: The Pando Barnuevo family, nobles in whose union converge several branches of the most ancient local nobility: Los Cantos, from Albacete, and Barnuevo or Barrionuevo from Chinchilla. Investigating notarial protocols we have discovered other main houses of the family such as the one known as the Marquis of Montortal house that disappeared at the beginning of the 20th century and that presented a beautiful quartered shield, whose fields have been known almost entirely thanks to the military orders archives.

From the history of the military past of composer and conductor Boris Galaev

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Felix S. Kireev
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Musical Activity ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World

Boris Alexandrovich Galaev is known as an outstanding composer, folklorist, conductor, educator, musical and public figure. He has a great merit in the development of musical culture in South Ossetia. All the musical activity of B.A. Galaev is studied and analyzed in detail. In most of the biographies of B.A. Galaev about his participation in the First World War, there is only one proposal that he served in the army and was a bandmaster. For the first time in historiography the participation of B.A. Galaev is analyzed, and it is found out what positions he held, what awards he received, in which battles he participated. Based on the identified documentary sources, for the first time in historiography, it occured that B.A. Galaev was an active participant in the First World War on the Caucasian Front. He went on attacks, both on foot and horse formation, was in reconnaissance, maintained communication between units, received military awards. During this period, he did not have time to study his favorite music, since, according to the documents, he was constantly at the front, in the battle formations of the advanced units. He had to forget all this heroic past and tried not to mention it ever after. Therefore, this period of his life was not studied by the researchers of his biography. For writing this work, the author uses the Highest Orders on the Ranks of the Military and the materials of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RSMHA).

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