scholarly journals Adaptation of Loanwords by Saraiki Speakers

2020 ◽  
Vol V (I) ◽  
pp. 229-238
Author(s):  
Firdos Atta ◽  
Syed Nasir Abbas ◽  
Munir Khan
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Universal Principles

The study presents a basic analysis of loanwords adaptation process by Saraiki speakers. Loanwords from three languages are analyzed and results reveal that native grammar used different strategies for different languages. In one language the onset/initial CC is adapted while in the other the final CC is modified by Saraiki speakers. It is observed that if the loanwords structure is absent in native grammar, it is not adapted though it follows universal principles. Native grammar allows clusters on both initial and final positions but loanwords do not. The study also discloses the strange behaviour for different languages, Saraiki speakers used fix vowel to break the cluster of English loanwords but vowel harmony and gemination in Arabic loanwords. It is noted that loanwords grammar preferred to have CV and CVC syllables rather than clusters at margins. Apart from grammatical adaptation, prosodic structure of receiver is also maintained. In many examples Saraiki follows universal principles but sometimes presents its own way to adapt loanwords

Variation and change in instrument noun formation in Hebrew and its relation to the verbal system

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lior Laks
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Change ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Thematic Role ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
Base Form ◽  
Thematic Relation

This paper examines morphological variation and change in the formation of instrument nouns in Hebrew. The change is always from one of the non-participle templates into a participle template and never the other way around. Nonetheless, not all instrument nouns (INs) change their template. I contend that the transition to the participle templates can be predicted based on systematic criteria. Such a change targets both morphological and thematic transparency between the IN and the related verb. Thematically, the participle IN corresponds to a thematic role that the verb assigns. The IN has to be agentive in order to be thematically transparent and undergo morphological change. The more transparent the thematic relation between the verb and the IN is, the greater the chance for morphological change. Morphologically, the formation of the participle form is also more transparent as it requires fewer changes between the verb and the IN. The only changes that occur are affixation and changing the vowels of the base verb, and the formation in the participle templates preserves the prosodic structure of the base verb. The analysis also provides further support to the stem modification theory and shows that the formation of the instrument noun is based on internal changes on the verbal base form without separate reference to the consonantal root.

Neutral vowels in sound-symbolic vowel harmony in Korean

Phonology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell Larsen ◽  
Jeffrey Heinz
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Tentative Hypothesis ◽  
Traditional Understanding

The set of neutral vowels in the vowel-harmony pattern found in Modern Korean sound-symbolic words is traditionally considered to consist of two members: [i] and [ɨ]. Some authors have tentatively put forward the hypothesis that [u] and [y] are also neutral. A corpus study on the phonotactics of Korean sound-symbolic vowel harmony provides quantitative support both for the traditional understanding of [i] and [ɨ] as neutral vowels and for the tentative hypothesis that [u] and [y] are also neutral. Additionally, the corpus study reveals that vowels are neutral to different degrees. The vowel [a] is shown to be partially neutral, but unlike the other neutral vowels which are transparent, [a] is partially opaque. The distribution of diphthongs is also studied.

Syntax–Phonology Interface

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sónia Frota ◽  
Marina Vigário
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Metrical Structure ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Syntactic Information ◽  
Structural Configurations ◽  
To Come ◽  
Types Of Information

The syntax–phonology interface refers to the way syntax and phonology are interconnected. Although syntax and phonology constitute different language domains, it seems undisputed that they relate to each other in nontrivial ways. There are different theories about the syntax–phonology interface. They differ in how far each domain is seen as relevant to generalizations in the other domain, and in the types of information from each domain that are available to the other. Some theories see the interface as unlimited in the direction and types of syntax–phonology connections, with syntax impacting on phonology and phonology impacting on syntax. Other theories constrain mutual interaction to a set of specific syntactic phenomena (i.e., discourse-related) that may be influenced by a limited set of phonological phenomena (namely, heaviness and rhythm). In most theories, there is an asymmetrical relationship: specific types of syntactic information are available to phonology, whereas syntax is phonology-free. The role that syntax plays in phonology, as well as the types of syntactic information that are relevant to phonology, is also a matter of debate. At one extreme, Direct Reference Theories claim that phonological phenomena, such as external sandhi processes, refer directly to syntactic information. However, approaches arguing for a direct influence of syntax differ on the types of syntactic information needed to account for phonological phenomena, from syntactic heads and structural configurations (like c-command and government) to feature checking relationships and phase units. The precise syntactic information that is relevant to phonology may depend on (the particular version of) the theory of syntax assumed to account for syntax–phonology mapping. At the other extreme, Prosodic Hierarchy Theories propose that syntactic and phonological representations are fundamentally distinct and that the output of the syntax–phonology interface is prosodic structure. Under this view, phonological phenomena refer to the phonological domains defined in prosodic structure. The structure of phonological domains is built from the interaction of a limited set of syntactic information with phonological principles related to constituent size, weight, and eurhythmic effects, among others. The kind of syntactic information used in the computation of prosodic structure distinguishes between different Prosodic Hierarchy Theories: the relation-based approach makes reference to notions like head-complement, modifier-head relations, and syntactic branching, while the end-based approach focuses on edges of syntactic heads and maximal projections. Common to both approaches is the distinction between lexical and functional categories, with the latter being invisible to the syntax–phonology mapping. Besides accounting for external sandhi phenomena, prosodic structure interacts with other phonological representations, such as metrical structure and intonational structure. As shown by the theoretical diversity, the study of the syntax–phonology interface raises many fundamental questions. A systematic comparison among proposals with reference to empirical evidence is lacking. In addition, findings from language acquisition and development and language processing constitute novel sources of evidence that need to be taken into account. The syntax–phonology interface thus remains a challenging research field in the years to come.

scholarly journals Knowledge of the Disease, Perceived Social Support, and Cognitive Appraisals in Women with Urinary Incontinence

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Szymona-Pałkowska ◽  
Konrad Janowski ◽  
Agnieszka Pedrycz ◽  
Dariusz Mucha ◽  
Tadeusz Ambroży ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Appraisal ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
Cognitive Appraisals ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Study Questionnaire

Social support and knowledge of the disease have been shown to facilitate adaptation to a chronic disease. However, the adaptation process is not fully understood. We hypothesized that these factors can contribute to better adaptation to the disease through their impact on disease-related cognitive appraisal. To analyze the links between social support and the knowledge of the disease, on one hand, and disease-related appraisals, on the other hand, one hundred fifty-eight women with stress UI, aged 32 to 79, took part in the study. Questionnaire measures of knowledge of UI, social support, and disease-related appraisals were used in the study. The level of knowledge correlated significantly negatively with the appraisal of the disease as Harm. The global level of social support correlated significantly positively with three disease-related appraisals: Profit, Challenge, and Value. Four subgroups of patients with different constellations of social support and knowledge of the disease were identified in cluster analysis and were demonstrated to differ significantly on four disease-related appraisals: Profit, Challenge, Harm, and Value. Different cognitive appraisals of UI may be specifically related to social support and knowledge of the disease, with social support affective positive disease-related appraisals, and the knowledge affecting the appraisal of Harm.

Phonology and Phonetics

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-29
Author(s):  
Michael J. Kenstowicz
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
African Languages ◽  
Hiatus Resolution ◽  
Compensatory Lengthening ◽  
Nasal Consonant

This chapter focuses on the contributions African languages have made to phonological theory. The first section reviews some of the highlights in the development of autosegmental representations, concentrating on the interface of sound segments with prosodic structure. It is shown how one–many and many–one relations between phonemes and syllable positions elucidate the behavior of geminate consonants and the compensatory lengthening that accompanies processes of devocalization and prenasalization. The sections that follow consider the African contribution to studies concerning the scope and limits of phonological variation. Typologies of vowel harmony, vowel hiatus resolution and nasal-consonant coalescence, syllabification, reduplication, and phonological phrasing are surveyed.

Putting some order into morphology: reflections on Rice (2000) and Stump (2001) Keren Rice, Morpheme order and semantic scope: word formation in the Athapaskan verb (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 90). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xiii+453. Gregory T. Stump, Inflectional morphology: a theory of paradigm structure (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 93). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xvi+308.

2003 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW SPENCER
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Semantic Scope

This article reviews two important recent contributions to the theory of morphology, which take significantly different approaches to the subject. Both are centrally concerned with questions of morphotactics. Rice argues that morpheme order in Athapaskan is largely the consequence of universal principles of semantic scope (coded as syntactic structure). Stump argues for a conception of inflection based on the paradigm. There is virtually no overlap between the two books, yet each raises questions that are of great significance for the other. In this review I briefly evaluate each book and then sketch the possibility of a synthesis.

Moro vowel harmony: implications for transparency and representations

Phonology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Ritchart ◽  
Sharon Rose
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
The Other ◽  
Height System ◽  
High Vowels

This paper describes and analyses the vowel-harmony system of the Kordofanian language Moro. Moro has a cross-height dominant-recessive raising harmony system in which high vowels and a central mid vowel trigger harmony, while peripheral mid vowels and a central low vowel are harmony targets. Schwas can co-occur with any of the vowels, appearing inert to harmony. Yet when schwas occur alone in a morpheme, some trigger harmony and some do not. We suggest that an original ATR-harmony system shifted to a height system via merger and centralisation, producing two distinct central vowels, rather than a single schwa. One vowel patterns with the higher vowels in triggering harmony, and the other patterns with the lower vowels. We also propose that a particle-based representation offers the best characterisation of the groupings of target and trigger vowels in the language.

scholarly journals Vowel harmony in Klao linear and nonlinear analyses

1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
John Victor Singler
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nonlinear Analyses ◽  
Counter Example ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Pharyngeal Constriction ◽  
Made In

Klao, a Kru language spoken in Liberia, has a nine-vowel system. Like most other Kru languages, it displays harmony sensitive to pharyngeal constriction (tongue-root retraction). What gives the Klao vowel-harmony system special interest is the fact that a great deal of variation occurs, suggesting that vowel harmony is in some way optional. This provides a counter-example to the claim (made in Clements [1977l) that root-controlled vowel harmony is always obligatory. Given this optionality, the question arises as to which model best captures the facts of Klao vowel harmony. 'l,w frameworks are considered: one, along the lines of Anderson [1930], treats vowel harmony as one more assimilation rule, and the other, following the model found in Clements [1981] handles vowel harmony autosegmentally.

scholarly journals THE ORTHODOX IDEALS OF THE "SILVER AGE" OF RUSSIAN POETRY: A. BLOK'S "POEMS ABOUT RUSSIA", N. GUMILEV'S "QUIVER"

2022 ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Н. Я. Сипкина
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Sermon On The Mount ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
Russian Poetry ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Law

В статье исследуются православные идеалы А. А. Блока и Н. С. Гумилёва, ярких представителей поэтического поколения конца 19 - начала 20 века, изучавших Закон Божий, в котором излагались общечеловеческие принципы мирного существования людей планеты Земля. Нагорная проповедь Иисуса Христа для поэтов - Новозаветный закон любви о путях и делах, через которые человек сможет войти в Царство Божие, то есть спасти свою душу. Для Блока и Гумилёва божественный «кодекс» совести не утратил своей актуальности: о неосуждении («Не судите, и не будете судимы; не осуждайте, и не будете осуждены»), о прощении («Прощайте, и прощены будете»), о любви к врагам («Любите врагов ваших, благословляйте проклинающих вас, благотворите ненавидящих вас и молитесь за обижающих вас и гонящих вас, да будете сынами Отца вашего Небесного»), об отношении к ближним («Во всём, как хотите, чтобы с вами поступали люди, так поступайте и вы с ними»), о силе молитвы («Просите, и дано будет вам; ищите и найдёте; стучите, и отворят вам») [Библия, 1990, с. 4 - 8] и другие заповеди. The article examines the Orthodox ideals of A. Blok and N. Gumilyov, prominent representatives of the poetic generation of the late 19 - early 20 centuries, who studied the Law of God, which set out the universal principles of the peaceful existence of people on our planet Earth. The sermon on the mount of Jesus Christ for poets is the new Testament law of love about the ways and works through which a person can enter the Kingdom of God, that is, save his soul. For Blok and Gumilyov, the Divine "code" of conscience has not lost its relevance: about non - condemnation ("do not judge, and do not be judged; condemn not, and ye shall not be condemned"), forgiveness ("Forgive, and ye shall be forgiven"), love for enemies ("Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them that despitefully use you, and persecute you; that ye may be sons of your Father in Heaven"), the attitude towards the others ("In everything as want that with you people acted, so do you also to them"), about the power of prayer ("Ask, and it shall be given you; seek and you will find; knock and the door will be opened to you") and the other commandments [1, p. 4 - 8].

scholarly journals Hierarchical motor adaptations negotiate failures during force field learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. e1008481
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Ikegami ◽  
Gowrishankar Ganesh ◽  
Tricia L. Gibo ◽  
Toshinori Yoshioka ◽  
Rieko Osu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Internal Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Model Adaptation ◽  
Arm Reaching ◽  
Task Success ◽  
Hierarchical Interaction

Humans have the amazing ability to learn the dynamics of the body and environment to develop motor skills. Traditional motor studies using arm reaching paradigms have viewed this ability as the process of ‘internal model adaptation’. However, the behaviors have not been fully explored in the case when reaches fail to attain the intended target. Here we examined human reaching under two force fields types; one that induces failures (i.e., target errors), and the other that does not. Our results show the presence of a distinct failure-driven adaptation process that enables quick task success after failures, and before completion of internal model adaptation, but that can result in persistent changes to the undisturbed trajectory. These behaviors can be explained by considering a hierarchical interaction between internal model adaptation and the failure-driven adaptation of reach direction. Our findings suggest that movement failure is negotiated using hierarchical motor adaptations by humans.

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