scholarly journals A Review of Parenteral Administration of Testing Substance in Rabbit and Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (I) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shehzeb Ashraf ◽  
Iqra Rehman ◽  
Gul Shahnaz
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Animal Ethics ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Subcutaneous Route ◽  
Dose Frequency ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Parenteral Route ◽  
Drug Substances ◽  
Ethics Guidelines ◽  
Safety Guidelines

There are many publications that deal with the administration of test substances to animals and the removal of blood samples for different objectives. The parenteral route of drug administration includes further different routes, i.e., drug administration through muscles (IM route) through veins (IV route) and through subcutaneous route. We can manage to check the outcomes of test substances within minutes when we go for the IV route as in this route; the drug directly goes to the systemic circulation. Different experimental animals are utilized to check the possible outcomes of test substances that include Rabbit, mice, and rat. Various factors like dose strength, dose frequency and the meaning by which drug can be administered to an animal can be examined. The emphasis on drug safety should be the main priority while injecting drug substances. Animal ethics guidelines should be followed in this regard. AEG basically provides us with safety guidelines that should be followed for safe handling.

scholarly journals A Review of Parenteral Administration of Testing Substance in Rabbit and Mice

2017 ◽  
Vol II (I) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shehzeb Ashraf ◽  
Iqra Rehman ◽  
Gul Shahnaz
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Animal Ethics ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Subcutaneous Route ◽  
Dose Frequency ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Parenteral Route ◽  
Drug Substances ◽  
Ethics Guidelines ◽  
Safety Guidelines

There are many publications that deal with administration of test substances to animals and removal of blood samples for different objectives. Parenteral route of drug administration includes further different routes i.e., drug administration through muscles (IM route) through veins (IV route) and through subcutaneous route. We can manage to check the outcomes of test substances within minutes when we go for IV route as in this route drug directly go to systemic circulation. Different experimental animals are utilized to check the possible outcomes of test substances that include Rabbit, mice, and rat. Various factors like dose strength, dose frequency and the meaning by which drug can be administered to animal can be examined. The emphasis on drug safety should be the main priority while injecting drug substances. Animal ethics guidelines should be followed in this regard. AEG basically provides us safety guidelines which should be followed for safety handling.

Pattern of plasma progesterone, oestradiol-17β, luteinizing hormone and androgen in non-pregnant buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Arora ◽  
R. S. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Androgen Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract. Domestic buffaloes were used to characterize the pattern of progesterone, oestradiol-17β, LH and androgen in the systemic circulation following infertile insemination. Concentrations of hormones were measured by RIA in blood samples collected daily or at alternate days following insemination. The concentration of progesterone was lowest on the day of insemination, and increased significantly to a peak level of 4.00 ± 0.60 ng/ml by day 13 post insemination. After day 17, it declined significantly (P < 0.01) to reach low levels by day 21. The concentration of oestradiol-17β was high at the time of insemination and declined significantly (P < 0.01) by day 2 after insemination. It was maintained around the basal level till day 18 with minor peaks in between this period. It again rose significantly (P < 0.01) at subsequent oestrus. The mean level of LH was highest at the time of insemination, and declined significantly (P < 0.01) by day 1 post insemination. It did not vary appreciably till the animal returned to oestrus. The oestrous value of LH and progesterone were negatively correlated (r = −0.77). The androgen level was observed to be high at insemination in 3 out of 5 animals, but the overall pattern of this steroid was inconsistent during the period studied. A high concentration of androgen was recorded in all the animals from day 2–5 before the onset of oestrus.

scholarly journals Megakaryocytes in the Pulmonary Circulation

Blood ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. SCHEININ ◽  
A. P. KOIVUNIEMI
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Disease ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Nonmalignant Disease ◽  
Abundant Cytoplasm ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Abstract The streptolysin 0 hemolysis method for isolation of cancer cells in the blood was employed for direct observations of the incidence and some characteristics of circulating megakaryocytes. In a series of 168 patients, circulating megakaryocytes were found in 77 per cent of the blood samples. Each sample contained an average of 1.2 megakaryocytes per ml. of blood. The megakaryocytes were most frequent in pulmonary arterial blood and a number of the cells had an apparently intact abundant cytoplasm. Pulmonary venous blood contained megakaryocytes much less frequently. These were almost always without cytoplasm or with only a narrow rim of it and as a rule small naked nuclei or their fragments were found. Manipulation of lung tissue resulted in an increased amount of megakaryocytes in the pulmonary venous blood. The megakaryocytes in pulmonary and systemic circulation were more numerous in advanced malignant disease than in early cases, and more common in inflammatory disease or severe anemia than in other nonmalignant disease.

Administration of label and off-label drugs by the subcutaneous route in palliative care: an observational cohort study

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjspcare-2020-002185
Author(s):  
Jesper Jørgen Jensen ◽  
Per Sjøgren
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Drug Discontinuation ◽  
Subcutaneous Route ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Injectable Drugs ◽  
Observational Cohort

BackgroundThe marketing authorisation for many injectable drugs used in palliative care does not cover the frequently preferred subcutaneous route. Consequently, subcutaneous off-label drug administration is often practised.AimTo assess the use, safety and tolerability of subcutaneous label and subcutaneous off-label drug administration in a Danish hospice.Material and methodsRetrospective data from hospice inpatient records registered with subcutaneous drug administration. Prospective data of subcutaneous drug administration registered to hospice inpatients over a period of 2 months.ResultsDrugs were administered subcutaneously to 90% of patients in both studied cohorts. Thirty different drugs were administered subcutaneously. Ten (33%) drugs were authorised for subcutaneous administration, 14 (47%) for intramuscular and 6 (20%) for intravenous administration only. A search in major palliative literature and scientific publications revealed that 11 of the 20 subcutaneous off-labelled drugs were administered with little to no support from these sources. In seven patients, 11 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were registered. ADRs were all minor local reactions and led to drug discontinuation in two patients only.ConclusionSubcutaneous drug administration was frequently used in the hospice. Two-thirds of the drugs were administered subcutaneously off-label. The findings of only a few and minor ADRs indicate that the drugs identified in this study, although often subcutaneously off-label and with little support from palliative literature, were administered with acceptable safety and tolerability. Off-label treatment practised in the clinic should be identified, reported and serve as inspiration for future scientific research and incentives for extension of marketing authorisations.

A comparison of the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after spring and autumn treatments against Cyathostominae in horses

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sokół ◽  
M. Raś-Noryńska ◽  
M. Michalczyk ◽  
A. Jasiecka ◽  
H. Ziółkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Drug Absorption ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Single Bolus

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of ivermectin against Cyathostominae infections and to describe the drug’s pharmacokinetic parameters during two seasonal deworming treatments in horses. The study was performed on warm-blooded mares aged 3-12 years weighing 450-550 kg. A single bolus of an oral paste formulation of ivermectin was administered at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg BW in spring and autumn. Fecal samples were tested before treatment and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75 days after treatment. Ivermectin concentrations in blood samples collected before treatment, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after treatment, and 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 75 days after drug administration were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Drug absorption was significantly (p<0.05) slower (tmax: 21.89±11.43 h) in autumn than in spring (tmax: 9.78±8.97 h). Maximum concentrations (Cmax) of ivermectin in the blood plasma of individual horses (8.40-43.08 ng/ml) were observed 2-24 h after drug administration during the spring treatment and 2-36 h (6.43-24.86 ng/ml) after administration during the autumn treatment. Significantly higher (p<0.05) ivermectin concentrations were found during the first 4 hours after administration in spring in comparison with those determined after the autumn treatment. The administration of the recommended dose of ivermectin resulted in 100% elimination of parasitic eggs from feces in spring and autumn treatment.

scholarly journals Detection of the Immune Response in Broiler Breeders, and Their progeny to Newcastle Disease Vaccine

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Adil S. Ag’gar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Subcutaneous Route ◽  
Broiler Breeders ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Newcastle Disease Vaccine

This trail was suggested to evaluate the amount of inherited haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies for Newcastle Disease (ND) from hens to their own progeny via yolk, blood samples were collected from broiler breeders at 51st week of age aiming the collection their sera, these hens were previously vaccinated with ND-killed vaccine at the age 5 and 120 days respectively via subcutaneous route; and ND-alive vaccine at 1and 18 days then monthly intervals by aerosol, random samples of eggs were collected from panels or hatchery machines either after 24h., to detect amount and location of HI antibodies through them, day old chicks were submitted to the same protocol of blood collection as well as mothers. The results showed that the combination manner of vaccines is an ideal way of HI antibodies peak elevation, these antibodies can pass vertically from dam to progeny through yolk, and the yolk material can be used to detect the HI antibody titer by routine process.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic analysis ofWuchereria bancroftiin human blood samples from Malindi and Tana River Delta, endemic regions in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinyatta Nancy ◽  
Wambua Lillian ◽  
Mutahi Wilkinson ◽  
Mugasa Claire ◽  
Kamau Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Tana River ◽  
Human Blood Samples ◽  
Tajima’S D

AbstractIntroductionLymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease caused by filarial worms;Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia MalayiandB. Timori. It is earmarked for elimination by the year 2020 through the Global Program for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). In Kenya, mass treatment has been ongoing since the year 2002 though it has not been consistent as recommended by World health organization (WHO). Taking this into account, the emergence ofW. bancroftiresistance strains against the current choice of drugs cannot be ruled out. Information on genetic structure and variations is important in assessment of Program’s success. Data on genetic characterization ofW. bancroftiin Kenya is lacking. This study, therefore reports the first genetic diversity of W.bancroftiin two Kenyan endemic regions.MethodologyGenomic DNA was extracted from 100 human blood samples obtained from Mpirani district in Malindi and Kipini district in Tana River Delta. They were then amplified by PCR and detected through gel electrophoresis. Seventeen PCR products positive forWuchereriaPCRbancroftiwere purified and then DNA quantified for Sanger sequencing. Chromas version 2.6.5 and BioEdit softwares were used for sequence alignment and editing. Fourteen sequences were selected for analysis by MEGA7 and six more related sequences retrieved from the Gene Bank for further analysis with the study sequences. Intrapopulation, interpopulation diversity and pair wise distance were determined and the phylogenetic trees constructed. Tajima’s D-test of neutrality was also determined and Statistical evolutionary rate was done using Chi-square (X2) test.Results and DiscussionThe mean diversity of Malindi and Tana River Delta isolates was 1.42 and the overall mean distance was 0.99. Tajima’s (D) test for test of Neutrality was 4.149 and nucleotide diversity(π) was 0.603. These results revealed high genetic variations ofW. bancroftiin Kenyan endemic regions. This variation could be attributed to prolonged use of the mass drug administration (MDA) and the long period of parasite circulation in these populations.Author SummaryElephantiasis is a disabling disease that causes severe swellings to the affected limbs. It is caused by parasites ofWuchereria bancrofti, Brugia TimoriandB. malayiwhich are transmitted by mosquito vectors. The disease is under the control by the Global Programme to eliminate filariasis and due to the effect of continued treatment through mass drug administration there have been changes in the genetic makeup of the parasite. This may result to resistant strains which may have negative impact on the treatment interventions. We therefore aimed at characterizing the genetic sequences of theWuchereria bancroftiparasite found in Kenya. Through analyzing parasites obtained in different years after treatment, we were able to track any genetic variations since the start of mass drug administration in Kenya. These variations would be due to the effect of drug pressure, human population movements or mosquito vector movement. This kind of study is important for drug developments and for evaluating the progress of the control programmes.

US FDA Warning Letters of CAPA Violations: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Pavan Deshpande ◽  
Rutuja Agawane ◽  
Sarath C. Tatikola ◽  
Surenahalli G. Vasantharaju
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Drug Substances ◽  
Warning Letter ◽  
End Products ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food ◽  
Us Fda

United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) is a federal agency functioning under United States Federal Executive Departments, which strives to regulate the food products and drug substances being manufactured or brought into US market, upholding Quality and Safety as prime goals. It takes care of its goals by inspecting firms which market products in the United States. It chalks out good manufacturing procedures for obtaining quality end-products. Based on inspections conducted and data collected thereby, those not abiding by rules shall be issued with Warning Letters and marketing license shall be cancelled for those who fail to justify the warning letter. This brings about discipline amongst manufacturers and sets a goal of quality that needs to be achieved to survive in market.

A REVIEW ON BUCCAL MUCOSAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (08) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
M Bhatt ◽  
◽  
G Bhatt ◽  
P. Kothiyal ◽  
S. Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Mucosal Route ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Milling Method ◽  
Buccal Films

Oral route is the most preferred rote of drug administration. In oral route buccal mucosal route is one of the advantageous routes of drug administration. This route provides direct access to systemic circulation through the jugular vein, bypassing the first pass hepatic metabolism, which leads to high bioavailability. The drugs having low bioavailability, shorter half life and those who undergoes extensive first pass metabolism are good candidat for this rote. Various formulations have been developed for this routes, one of which is buccal film. Buccal films were prepared by using methods like solvent casting method, hot-melt extrusion method and direct milling method. Buccal films were evaluated for thickness, swelling property, surface pH, drug content, % moisture loss, etc.

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