Transnasal excerebration surgery in ancient Egypt

2012 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Fanous ◽  
William T. Couldwell
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Transnasal Approach ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Transnasal Surgery ◽  
The One

Ancient Egyptians were pioneers in many fields, including medicine and surgery. Our modern knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and surgical techniques stems from discoveries and observations made by Egyptian physicians and embalmers. In the realm of neurosurgery, ancient Egyptians were the first to elucidate cerebral and cranial anatomy, the first to describe evidence for the role of the spinal cord in the transmission of information from the brain to the extremities, and the first to invent surgical techniques such as trepanning and stitching. In addition, the transnasal approach to skull base and intracranial structures was first devised by Egyptian embalmers to excerebrate the cranial vault during mummification. In this historical vignette, the authors examine paleoradiological and other evidence from ancient Egyptian skulls and mummies of all periods, from the Old Kingdom to Greco-Roman Egypt, to shed light on the development of transnasal surgery in this ancient civilization. The authors confirm earlier observations concerning the laterality of this technique, suggesting that ancient Egyptian excerebration techniques penetrated the skull base mostly on the left side. They also suggest that the original technique used to access the skull base in ancient Egypt was a transethmoidal one, which later evolved to follow a transsphenoidal route similar to the one used today to gain access to pituitary lesions.

Ossifying fibromyxoid tumour of the sphenoid sinus

2009 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-440
Author(s):  
S D Shetty ◽  
R J Salib ◽  
S B Nair ◽  
N Mathad ◽  
J Theaker
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Sphenoid Sinus ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Soft Tissue Neoplasm ◽  
Transnasal Approach ◽  
Fibrous Stroma ◽  
Neuroectodermal Origin ◽  
Endoscopic Transnasal Approach

AbstractIntroduction:Ossifying fibromyxoid tumour is a recently described, rare but morphologically distinctive soft tissue neoplasm characterised by a combination of myxoid and/or fibrous stroma with areas of ossification. Although most authors postulate a neuroectodermal origin for this peculiar tumour, there is no agreement in the literature regarding its histopathogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ossifying fibromyxoid tumour involving the sphenoid sinus.Histological findings:Tumour of low cell density, composed of small, spindle-shaped or stellate cells with small, irregular nuclei set in a fibromyxoid stroma.Management:Following discussion at the skull base multidisciplinary team meeting, a combined surgical team including an otorhinolaryngologist and a neurosurgeon carried out resection of the lesion, using an endoscopic transnasal approach, followed by reconstruction of the defect.Conclusions:An awareness of the distinctive histopathological features of ossifying fibromyxoid tumour, and of its clinical effects, is crucial to establishing a definitive diagnosis and thereby instituting appropriate management. This case report also reinforces the evolving role of the endoscopic transnasal approach in the management of inflammatory and neoplastic disease involving the skull base. This is increasingly being made possible by close collaboration between multiple surgical specialties, including otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgery.

Mucoceles of the Paranasal Sinuses with Intracranial Extension-Postoperative Course

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichi Ichimura ◽  
Yasushi Ohta ◽  
Yoh-Ichiro Maeda ◽  
Hiroyoshi Sugimura
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Paranasal Sinuses ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Intracranial Extension ◽  
Transnasal Approach ◽  
Postoperative Course ◽  
Transnasal Surgery ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses cause progressive distension of the bony walls and induce compressive symptoms. Although rare, cases of massive intracranial extension have occurred. We believe that an endoscopic transnasal approach is the best choice for such huge mucoceles because it is the least invasive and can provide an adequate surgical field of view for wide marsupialization. However, the results of long-term follow-up after endoscopic transnasal surgery have not been reported. This study was designed to evaluate prospectively the postoperative course of patients with intracranially extended mucocele. In the last 5 years, we have operated on four patients with intracranially extended mucocele. Although postoperative scanning is not recommended routinely after surgery for inflammatory disease, we followed up two patients who consented by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with endoscopy. Dural descent to the original skull base plane necessitated long periods of follow-up, lasting 18 and 5 months, respectively. On the mucocele wall mucosa, which had been smooth during surgery, polyps and granulations developed after surgical drainage and lasted for a considerable time. Although endoscopic transnasal opening of mucocele is a method of choice, we recommend follow-up of such patients for long periods, at least until the frontal skull base dura returns to its original position.

scholarly journals Rola Nilu w kształtowaniu kultury starożytnego Egiptu

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Mateusz Żmudziński ◽  
Patryk Chudzik
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Cultural World

The role of the Nile river in the formation of the ancient Egyptian cultureThe aim of this paper is to describe the main points of the multifaceted relations between Nile and the culture and civilization of ancient Egypt. Both economic and cultural matters are indicated. The Nile fed, drank, irrigated the fields, served as a communication route, but besides, it went into the beliefs and cultural world of the Egyptians. The regulation of the rhythm of people’s lives, their social organization, cult behaviours, ritual hunting, ways of spending free time, or numerous works of art were connected with Nile. In fact, it is difficult to find anything in Egypt during the pharaonic era that was not connected with it. It has been a key factor in the lives of people in Egypt for thousands of years.

Mahmoud Mukhtar’s Pharaonic Classicism and Pedagogical Nationalism

2019 ◽  
pp. 68-100
Author(s):  
Alex Dika Seggerman
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Transnational Networks ◽  
World War ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Egyptian Literature

This chapter investigates the role of anticolonial Egyptian nationalism in the sculptural works of Mahmoud Mukhtar (1891–1934). Government-funded schooling transformed this farm boy into a heroic nationalist artist. His monumental artworks reflect Egypt’s membership in transnational networks of nationalist ideology and post–World War I artistic classicism. Though distinctly nationalist on the surface, these forms are fundamentally international, echoing the synthesis of nationalism and classicism in parallel interwar modernisms. To explore this transnational phenomenon further, I establish connections between Mukhtar’s use of ancient Egyptian imagery, known as pharaonism, to trends in Egyptian literature as well as to histories of sculpturally depicting fabric. In Nahdat Misr (Egypt’s reawakening), Mukhtar pointedly references ancient Egypt through a monumental granite sphinx but pairs him with a proud female peasant who symbolically lifts her veil. He subtly adjusts the classical referents for a modern, transnational audience. The broad use of these forms exhibits the power of ancient Egyptian symbols as centerpieces for public formation worldwide.

scholarly journals The Immunodetection of Non-Falciparum Malaria in Ancient Egyptian Bones (Giza Necropolis)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada Darwish AL-Khafif ◽  
Rokia El-Banna ◽  
Nancy Khattab ◽  
Tamer Gad Rashed ◽  
Salwa Dahesh
Keyword(s):  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Main Risk Factor ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Significant Difference

The detection of falciparum malaria in ancient Egyptian remains had been performed by many authors using several methodologies including the use of rapid diagnostic tests. Through the immunochromatographic analysis of bony specimens from Giza skeletal collection dated to Old Kingdom, we provide first evidence of non-falciparum malaria in Ancient Egypt. The histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP2) specific toPlasmodium falciparumwas absent in 100% of examined samples, while aldolase, common to the four types of plasmodial pathogens causing human malaria, was detected in 56% of individuals with no significant difference between the two tested social groups: high officials (HO) and workers (W). It is suggested that the main risk factor was the presence of residences near natural and artificial waterways, which allowed prolonged contact between the vector and human host.

The journey of discovering skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt and the special influence of Alexandria

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. E2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali M. Elhadi ◽  
Samuel Kalb ◽  
Luis Perez-Orribo ◽  
Andrew S. Little ◽  
Robert F. Spetzler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Skull Base Anatomy ◽  
The City

The field of anatomy, one of the most ancient sciences, first evolved in Egypt. From the Early Dynastic Period (3100 bc) until the time of Galen at the end of the 2nd century ad, Egypt was the center of anatomical knowledge, including neuroanatomy. Knowledge of neuroanatomy first became important so that sacred rituals could be performed by ancient Egyptian embalmers during mummification procedures. Later, neuroanatomy became a science to be studied by wise men at the ancient temple of Memphis. As religious conflicts developed, the study of the human body became restricted. Myths started to replace scientific research, squelching further exploration of the human body until Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria. This period witnessed a revolution in the study of anatomy and functional anatomy. Herophilus of Chalcedon, Erasistratus of Chios, Rufus of Ephesus, and Galen of Pergamon were prominent physicians who studied at the medical school of Alexandria and contributed greatly to knowledge about the anatomy of the skull base. After the Royal Library of Alexandria was burned and laws were passed prohibiting human dissections based on religious and cultural factors, knowledge of human skull base anatomy plateaued for almost 1500 years. In this article the authors consider the beginning of this journey, from the earliest descriptions of skull base anatomy to the establishment of basic skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt.

Using Ancient Egyptian Fractions to Review Fraction Concepts

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 226-229
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Unit Fractions ◽  
Fraction Concepts ◽  
Egyptian Fractions ◽  
Common Fractions ◽  
The One ◽  
Modern Era

Much of What We Know Today About the mathematics of ancient Egypt is contained in a papyrus scroll that was copied from an earlier scroll by the scribe Ahmes in about 1650 BME (before the modern era) (Boyer 1968). A fascinating feature of ancient Egyptian mathematics is its treatment of common fractions. In most cases, the Egyptians used only unit fractions, that is, fractions with numerators of 1. The one common exception is 2/3, and they would occasionally use fractions of the form n/(n + 1). However, both forms are complements of unit fractions.

Ancient Egyptians’ Atypical Relationship with Invertebrates

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 716-732
Author(s):  
Linda Evans ◽  
Philip Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Vital Role ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The People ◽  
Cultural Roles ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence

AbstractDespite the ubiquitous presence and vital role of invertebrates in all known ecological systems, insects and arachnids are largely viewed as repugnant by people. Consequently, until nature intervenes in the form of infestations, swarms or plagues, we largely prefer to ignore them, lest our attention invite unwelcome interaction. In contrast, the people of ancient Egypt did not distance themselves from invertebrates but instead celebrated their myriad forms. Egyptian appreciation of insects and arachnids is reflected in a range of art, artefacts, and texts dating from the predynastic era until the Greco-Roman period, revealing many positive cultural roles, from practical to conceptual. By assigning them a useful function, they were rendered visible and relevant to Egyptian society. The Egyptians’ example suggests that as necessity forces us to acknowledge the value of invertebrates—from their function as pollinators to becoming future food sources—our respect for them may also grow.

The Religious Sciences in Ancient Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra von Lieven
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
The One

Abstract Within the Ancient Egyptian temple, science was an important occupation for certain specialized priests. Two fields particularly well documented are astronomy and astrology on the one hand, and medicine on the other. For the medical practitioners, namely the Sakhmet priest and the Leader of Serqet, there are even special manuals for their use attested. The paper presents some of the evidence and discusses it within its cultural context.

scholarly journals Investigating the Revival of Ancient Egyptian Artifacts as a Symbol of Power through their Occupation of European Public Spaces: A Chrono-Morphological Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-200
Author(s):  
Mohamed Raslan ◽  
István Bartók ◽  
Zoltán Szécsi
Keyword(s):  
Public Spaces ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Chronological Change ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
European Public ◽  
Egyptian Revival ◽  
Roman Antiquity

Numerous architectural styles have been explored in recent years (Pakkanen 2018). However, Egyptian revival did not obtain the consideration it deserved till lately, when there was a remarkable flow of attention coursed by various significant ancient Egyptian exhibitions all over the world, which led to the publications of books and articles tackling the Egyptian revival (Curl 2013). In this paper the researcher will try to investigate the chronological change of form and shape of ancient Egyptian architectural features that were revived in European public spaces to signify power, sovereignty, and authority. Curl (2013) charts the argument of the persistence of Egyptian motifs in design from Greco-Roman Antiquity, through the Mediaeval, Baroque, and Neo-Classical periods. Our hypothesis is that Ancient Egypt is a central source, rather than peripheral, to the development of considerable volume of European urbanistic and architectural features. We will distinguish manifestations with Egyptian connotations based on literature reviewed, field observation and the methodology of Curl (2013). Aiming only on three ancient Egyptian sources, the Sphinx, the obelisk, and the temple. Keywords: Egyptian revival, Ancient Egyptian artifacts, morphological regeneration, space occupation, public spaces

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