Predictors of excellent functional outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECT Case fatality rates after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) have decreased over time, and many patients treated with modern paradigms return to a normal life. However, there is little information on predictors of excellent functional outcome after aSAH. In this study, the authors investigated predictors of excellent outcome in a modern consecutive series of patients with aSAH. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of patients with aSAH admitted between 2001 and 2013. The primary outcome measure was excellent functional outcome, defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0 or 1 at last follow-up within 1 year of aSAH. RESULTS Three hundred seventy-three patients were identified with posthospital follow-up. Excellent outcome was noted in 236 patients (63.3%), including an mRS score of 0 in 122 (32.7%) and an mRS score of 1 in 114 (30.6%). On univariate analysis, the following factors were associated with an excellent outcome: indicators of less severe bleeding, such as better World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade at any of the times of assessment, better modified Fisher grade, and absence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and symptomatic hydrocephalus; aneurysm treatment with coil embolization; absence of symptomatic vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and radiological infarction; absence of in-hospital seizures; lack of need for CSF diversion; fewer hours with fever; less severe anemia; and absence of transfusion. On multivariable analysis, the 4 variables that were most strongly associated with excellent outcome were presence of good clinical grade after neurological resuscitation, absence of ICH on initial CT scan, blood transfusion during the hospitalization, and radiological infarctions on final brain imaging. CONCLUSIONS Excellent outcomes (mRS score 0–1) can be achieved in the majority of patients with aSAH. The likelihood of excellent outcome is predicted by good clinical condition after resuscitation, absence of ICH on presentation, no evidence of infarction on brain imaging, and absence of blood transfusion during hospitalization.

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167 High Throughput Metabolite Profiling Identifies Plasma Anandamide as a Biomarker of Functional Outcome After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1093/neuros/nyx417.167 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 64 (CN_suppl_1) ◽

pp. 242-243

Author(s):

Christopher J Stapleton ◽

Hannah Irvine ◽

Zoe Wolcott ◽

Aman B Patel ◽

Jonathan Rosand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

High Throughput ◽

Metabolite Profiling ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

Symptomatic Vasospasm ◽

Good Functional Outcome ◽

Fisher Grade

Abstract INTRODUCTION The quantification of metabolites in plasma samples in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) can highlight important alterations in critical metabolic pathways. As metabolites reflect changes associated with disease conditions, metabolite profiling (metabolomics) can identify candidate biomarkers for disease and potentially uncover pathways for intervention. METHODS We performed high throughput metabolite profiling across a broad spectrum of chemical classes (173 metabolites) on plasma samples taken from 119 patients with aSAH. Samples were drawn at 3 time points following ictus: 2–4, 7–10, and 12–14 days. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relation of each metabolite with multiple outcome variables, including short- and long-term functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale, mRS). RESULTS >A good functional outcome (mRS 0–2) was found in 63.1% and 66.7% of patients at 30 and 90 days, respectively, following aSAH. Plasma concentrations of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide during days 2–4 after aneurysmal SAH were decreased by 48.1% (P < 0.0001) and 57.6% (P <0.0001) in patients with mRS 0–2 at 30 and 90 days, respectively. A similar statistical result was noted with plasma anandamide concentrations averaged across all time periods. Logistic regression further demonstrated that anandamide remained an independent predictor of functional outcome (30 days: P = 0.04; 90 days: P = 0.03), even after adjusting for other factors that influence outcome, including age, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade (WFNS), Fisher grade, and symptomatic vasospasm. CONCLUSION Decreased plasma anandamide following aSAH predicts a good functional outcome at 30 and 90 days. While a role for anandamide in aneurysmal SAH has not been previously reported, elevated anandamide levels have been implicated in neuronal apoptosis and cerebral edema in the acutely injured brain. These data highlight the increasing capability of metabolomics techniques in profiling large-sized cohorts to illuminate novel markers of disease and potential metabolic regulators.

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Assessment of the Subarachnoid Hemorrhage International Trialists (SAHIT) Models for Dichotomized Long-Term Functional Outcome Prediction After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a United Kingdom Multicenter Cohort Study

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1093/neuros/nyaa299 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Isabel C Hostettler ◽

Menelaos Pavlou ◽

Gareth Ambler ◽

Varinder S Alg ◽

Stephen Bonner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Outcome Prediction ◽

Prediction Models ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Predictive Performance ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Fisher Grade

Abstract BACKGROUND Long-term outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage, beyond the first few months, is difficult to predict, but has critical relevance to patients, their families, and carers. OBJECTIVE To assess the performance of the Subarachnoid Hemorrhage International Trialists (SAHIT) prediction models, which were initially designed to predict short-term (90 d) outcome, as predictors of long-term (2 yr) functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). METHODS We included 1545 patients with angiographically-proven aSAH from the Genetic and Observational Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (GOSH) study recruited at 22 hospitals between 2011 and 2014. We collected data on age, WNFS grade on admission, history of hypertension, Fisher grade, aneurysm size and location, as well as treatment modality. Functional outcome was measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) with GOS 1 to 3 corresponding to unfavorable and 4 to 5 to favorable functional outcome, according to the SAHIT models. The SAHIT models were assessed for long-term outcome prediction by estimating measures of calibration (calibration slope) and discrimination (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve [AUC]) in relation to poor clinical outcome. RESULTS Follow-up was standardized to 2 yr using imputation methods. All 3 SAHIT models demonstrated acceptable predictive performance for long-term functional outcome. The estimated AUC was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.65-0.76), 0.73 (95% CI: 0.68-0.77), and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.69-0.79) for the core, neuroimaging, and full models, respectively; the calibration slopes were 0.86, 0.84, and 0.89, indicating good calibration. CONCLUSION The SAHIT prediction models, incorporating simple factors available on hospital admission, show good predictive performance for long-term functional outcome after aSAH.

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Prognostic value of histopathological findings in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2008.8.jns08789 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 487-491 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Markus Holling ◽

Astrid Jeibmann ◽

Joachim Gerss ◽

Bernhard R. Fischer ◽

Hansdetlef Wassmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Prognostic Value ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Histopathological Findings ◽

Aneurysm Size ◽

Aneurysm Wall ◽

Fisher Grade ◽

Lymphocytic Infiltrates

Object Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) carries a severe prognosis, which is often related to the development of cerebral vasospasm. Even though several clinical and radiological predictors of vasospasm and functional outcome have been established, the prognostic value of histopathological findings remains unclear. Methods Histopathological findings in resected distal aneurysm walls were examined, as were the clinical and radiological factors in a series of 91 patients who had been neurosurgically treated for aneurysmal SAH. The impact of the histological, clinical, and radiological factors on the occurrence of vasospasm and functional outcome at discharge was analyzed. Results Histopathological findings frequently included lymphocytic infiltrates (60%), fibrosis (60%), and necrosis (50%) of the resected aneurysm wall. On univariate analysis, clinical (Hunt and Hess grade) and radiological (aneurysm size) factors as well as histopathological features—namely, lymphocytic infiltrates and necrosis of the aneurysm wall—were significantly associated with the occurrence of vasospasm. On multivariate analysis, lymphocytic infiltrates (OR 6.35, 95% CI 2.32–17.36, p = 0.0001) and aneurysm size (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.05–1.42, p = 0.009) remained the only factors predicting the development of vasospasm. A poor functional outcome at discharge was significantly associated with vasospasm, other clinical factors (Hunt and Hess grade, alcohol consumption, hyperglycemia, and elevated white blood cell count [WBC] at admission), and radiological factors (Fisher grade and aneurysm size), as well as with histopathological features (lymphocytic infiltrates [p = 0.0001] and necrosis of the aneurysm wall [p = 0.0015]). On multivariate analysis taking into account all clinical, radiological, and histological factors; vasospasm (OR 9.82, 95% CI 1.83–52.82, p = 0.008), Hunt and Hess grade (OR 5.61, 95% CI 2.29–13.74, p = 0.0001), patient age (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.16, p = 0.0013), elevated WBC (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.01–1.64, p = 0.04), and Fisher grade (OR 4.35, 95% CI 1.25–15.07, p = 0.015) best predicted functional outcome at discharge. Conclusions The demonstration of lymphocytic infiltrates in the resected aneurysm wall is of independent prognostic value for the development of vasospasm in patients with neurosurgically treated aneurysmal SAH. Thus, histopathology might complement other clinical and radiological factors in the identification of patients at risk.

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Characterization of perioperative seizures and epilepsy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.2003.99.6.0978 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 99 (6) ◽

pp. 978-985 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

Chih-Lung Lin ◽

Aaron S. Dumont ◽

Ann-Shung Lieu ◽

Chen-Po Yen ◽

Shiuh-Lin Hwang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Predictive Factors ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Neurological Deficits ◽

Loss Of Consciousness ◽

Content Type ◽

Fisher Grade ◽

The Mean ◽

Fine Print

Object. The reported incidence, timing, and predictive factors of perioperative seizures and epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have differed considerably because of a lack of uniform definitions and variable follow-up periods. In this study the authors evaluate the incidence, temporal course, and predictive factors of perioperative seizures and epilepsy during long-term follow up of patients with SAH who underwent surgical treatment. Methods. Two hundred seventeen patients who survived more than 2 years after surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysms were enrolled and retrospectively studied. Episodes were categorized into onset seizures (≤ 12 hours of initial hemorrhage), preoperative seizures, postoperative seizures, and late epilepsy, according to their timing. The mean follow-up time was 78.7 months (range 24–157 months). Forty-six patients (21.2%) had at least one seizure post-SAH. Seventeen patients (7.8%) had onset seizures, five (2.3%) had preoperative seizures, four (1.8%) had postoperative seizures, 21 (9.7%) had at least one seizure episode after the 1st week postoperatively, and late epilepsy developed in 15 (6.9%). One (3.8%) of 26 patients with perioperative seizures (onset, preoperative, or postoperative seizure) had late epilepsy at follow up. The mean latency between the operation and the onset of late epilepsy was 8.3 months (range 0.3–19 months). Younger age (< 40 years old), loss of consciousness of more than 1 hour at ictus, and Fisher Grade 3 or greater on computerized tomography scans proved to be significantly related to onset seizures. Onset seizure was also a significant predictor of persistent neurological deficits (Glasgow Outcome Scale Scores 2–4) at follow up. Factors associated with the development of late epilepsy were loss of consciousness of more than 1 hour at ictus and persistent postoperative neurological deficit. Conclusions. Although up to one fifth of patients experienced seizure(s) after SAH, more than half had seizure(s) during the perioperative period. The frequency of late epilepsy in patients with perioperative seizures (7.8%) was not significantly higher than those without such seizures (6.8%). Perioperative seizures did not recur frequently and were not a significant predictor for late epilepsy.

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Evaluation Of Intra-Arterial Nimodipine Therapy In Post-Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Refractory Cerebral Vasospasm

10.21203/rs.3.rs-482464/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shrey Jain ◽

Ajit Kumar Sinha ◽

Sumit Goyal

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Cerebral Vasospasm ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Neurological Assessment ◽

Minimum Risk ◽

Operative Morbidity ◽

Fisher Grade ◽

Grade 3 ◽

Triple H

Abstract Background: Cerebral vasospasm is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Vasospasm is managed with triple H and vasodilators but sometimes, patients do not respond. Intra-arterial vasodilator infusion has been shown to improve outcome in such patients. In this study, we try to evaluate the efficacy of intra-arterial nimodipine therapy in 43 patients of post-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage refractory cerebral vasospasm. Methods: It is a prospective observational study of a group of 43 patients presenting with refractory cerebral vasospasm as per the inclusion criteria. Pre-procedure neurological assessment and Transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring were done. Endovascular spasmolysis was conducted and post-operative morbidity and outcomes were noted. Follow up of the patients was done at the time of discharge and at 6 months according to the Modified Rankin Scale and NCCT head. Results: Most of the patients developing refractory cerebral vasospasm belonged to Hunt and Hess Grade 2 and 3 and Fisher grade 3 and 4. 87.5% of the patients showed clinical recovery following endovascular spasmolysis and 58% of the patients showed complete angiographic recovery. Outcome after 6 months was good in 76%, moderate in 12% and poor in 12% patients. NCCT head showed no infarct in 58%, minor infarct in 28% and major vascular territorial infarct in 14% patients. Conclusions: Intra-arterial nimodipine infusion is a safe and effective therapy with minimum risk of complications if adhered to standard endovascular practice. By timely intervention, major ischemic insult to the brain can be averted, thereby significantly improving the prognosis.

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Symptomatic vasospasm and outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparison between surgical repair and endovascular coil occlusion

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.2003.98.2.0319 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 319-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 120

Author(s):

Alejandro A. Rabinstein ◽

Mark A. Pichelmann ◽

Jonathan A. Friedman ◽

David G. Piepgras ◽

Douglas A. Nichols ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Content Type ◽

Acute Hydrocephalus ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Symptomatic Vasospasm ◽

Coil Occlusion ◽

Clip Application ◽

Fine Print

Object. The authors studied patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) to determine whether the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm or overall clinical outcomes differed between patients treated with craniotomy and clip application and those treated by endovascular coil occlusion. Methods. The authors reviewed 415 consecutive patients with aneurysmal SAH who had been treated with either craniotomy and clip application or endovascular coil occlusion at a single institution between 1990 and 2000. Three hundred thirty-nine patients underwent surgical clip application procedures, whereas 76 patients underwent endovascular coil occlusion. Symptomatic vasospasm occurred in 39% of patients treated with clip application, 30% of patients treated with endovascular coil occlusion, and 37% of patients overall. Compared with patients treated with clip application, patients treated with endovascular coil occlusion were more likely to suffer acute hydrocephalus (50 compared with 34%, p = 0.008) and were more likely to harbor aneurysms in the posterior circulation (53 compared with 20%, p < 0.001). Logistic regression models controlling for patient age, admission World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grade, acute hydrocephalus, aneurysm location, and day of treatment revealed that, among patients with an admission WFNS grade of I to III, endovascular coil occlusion carried a lower risk of symptomatic vasospasm (odds ratio [OR] 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14—0.8) and death or permanent neurological deficit due to vasospasm (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.08–1) compared with craniotomy and clip application. Similar models revealed no difference in the likelihood of a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 3 or less at the longest follow-up review (median 6 months) between treatment groups (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.28–1.21). Conclusions. Patients with better clinical grades (WFNS Grades I–III) at hospital admission were less likely to suffer symptomatic vasospasm when treated by endovascular coil occlusion, compared with craniotomy and clip application. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in overall outcome at the longest follow-up examination between the two treatment groups.

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Intraventricular hemorrhage clot clearance rate as an outcome predictor in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A retrospective study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-785820/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hae Gi Park ◽

Sunghan Kim ◽

Joonho Chung ◽

Chang Ki Jang ◽

Keun Young Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Clearance Rate ◽

Intraventricular Hemorrhage ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Poor Functional Outcome

Abstract Background The development of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is linked with higher mortality and poor neurological recovery. Previous studies have investigated the effect of the amount and distribution of the initial IVH on the prognosis of aSAH. However, no studies have assessed the relationship between the changes in IVH over time and the prognosis of aSAH. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the clearance rate of IVH, which can be represented by the IVH clot clearance rate (CCR), on the outcomes of aSAH. Methods The IVH CCR was calculated based on the difference between the initial and follow-up modified Graeb scores (mGS), which were assessed by initial and 7-day follow-up brain computed tomography, respectively. Poor functional outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3–6. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to assess the relationships between IVH CCR and other risk factors and the prognosis of patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to identify cut-off values of IVH CCR for predicting poor functional outcome. Results In total, 196 consecutive patients were diagnosed with aSAH between January 2014 and March 2018. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 67 patients were finally included in the study. The univariate analysis revealed that a lower IVH CCR (p < 0.001), higher initial mGS (p < 0.001), older age (p < 0.001), higher initial Hunt and Hess grade (p < 0.001), presence of delayed infarction (p = 0.03), and presence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus (p = 0.004) were significantly related to poor functional outcome. The multivariable analysis revealed that IVH CCR (odds ratio [OR] 0.941; p = 0.029), initial mGS (OR 1.632; p = 0.043), age (OR 1.561; p = 0.007), initial Hunt and Hess grade (OR 227.296; p = 0.030), and delayed infarction (OR 5310.632; p = 0.023) were independent predictors of poor functional outcome. Optimal cut-off values of IVH CCR and mGS for poor outcome were 36.27%, and 13.5, respectively (all p < 0.001). Conclusions The IVH CCR might have an important predictive value on poor functional outcome in patients with aSAH and IVH, along with initial mGS, age, initial Hunt and Hess grade, and delayed infarction.

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Leukocytosis as an independent risk factor for cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.2003.98.6.1222 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 98 (6) ◽

pp. 1222-1226 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

Matthew J. McGirt ◽

John C. Mavropoulos ◽

Laura Y. McGirt ◽

Michael J. Alexander ◽

Allan H. Friedman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Cerebral Vasospasm ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Content Type ◽

Symptomatic Vasospasm ◽

Fisher Grade ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Grade 3 ◽

Fine Print

Object. The identification of patients at an increased risk for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may allow for more aggressive treatment and improved patient outcomes. Note, however, that blood clot size on admission remains the only factor consistently demonstrated to increase the risk of cerebral vasospasm after SAH. The goal of this study was to assess whether clinical, radiographic, or serological variables could be used to identify patients at an increased risk for cerebral vasospasm. Methods. A retrospective review was conducted in all patients with aneurysmal or spontaneous nonaneurysmal SAH who were admitted to the authors' institution between 1995 and 2001. Underlying vascular diseases (hypertension or chronic diabetes mellitus), Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades, patient age, aneurysm location, craniotomy compared with endovascular aneurysm stabilization, medications on admission, postoperative steroid agent use, and the occurrence of fever, hydrocephalus, or leukocytosis were assessed as predictors of vasospasm. Two hundred twenty-four patients were treated for SAH during the review period. One hundred one patients (45%) developed symptomatic vasospasm. Peak vasospasm occurred 5.8 ± 3 days after SAH. There were four independent predictors of vasospasm: Fisher Grade 3 SAH (odds ratio [OR] 7.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.5–15.8), peak serum leukocyte count (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.16), rupture of a posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysm (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01–0.41), and spontaneous nonaneurysmal SAH (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.04–0.45). A serum leukocyte count greater than 15 × 109/L was independently associated with a 3.3-fold increase in the likelihood of developing vasospasm (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.74–6.38). Conclusions. During this 7-year period, spontaneous nonaneurysmal SAH and ruptured PCA aneurysms decreased the odds of developing vasospasm sevenfold and 20-fold, respectively. The presence of Fisher Grade 3 SAH on admission or a peak leukocyte count greater than 15 × 109/L increased the odds of vasospasm sevenfold and threefold, respectively. Monitoring of the serum leukocyte count may allow for early diagnosis and treatment of vasospasm.

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Magnesium infusion for vasospasm prophylaxis after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.2006.105.5.723 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 105 (5) ◽

pp. 723-729 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Martina Stippler ◽

Elizabeth Crago ◽

Elad I. Levy ◽

Mary E. Kerr ◽

Howard Yonas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Doppler Ultrasonography ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Treated Group ◽

Aneurysm Rupture ◽

Current Standard ◽

Ruptured Aneurysms ◽

Symptomatic Vasospasm ◽

Fisher Grade ◽

Significant Difference

Object Despite the application of current standard therapies, vasospasm continues to result in death or major disability in patients treated for ruptured aneurysms. The authors investigated the effectiveness of continous MgSO4 infusion for vasospasm prophylaxis. Methods Seventy-six adults (mean age 54.6 years; 71% women; 92% Caucasian) were included in this comparative matched-cohort study of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage on the basis of computed tomography (CT) findings. Thirty-eight patients who received continuous MgSO4 infusion were matched for age, race, sex, treatment option, Fisher grade, and Hunt and Hess grade to 38 historical control individuals who did not receive MgSO4 infusion. Twelve grams of MgSO4 in 500 ml normal saline was given intravenously daily for 12 days if the patient presented within 48 hours of aneurysm rupture. Vasospasm was diagnosed on the basis of digital substraction angiography, CT angiography, and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, and evidence of neurological deterioration. Symptomatic vasospasm was present at a significantly lower frequency in patients who received MgSO4 infusion (18%) compared with patients who did not receive MgSO4 (42%) (p = 0.025). There was no significant difference in mortality rate at discharge (p = 0.328). A trend toward improved outcome as measured by the modifed Rankin Scale (p = 0.084), but not the Glasgow Outcome Scale (p = 1.0), was seen in the MgSO4-treated group. Conclusions Analysis of the results suggests that MgSO4 infusion may have a role in cerebral vasospasm prophylaxis if therapy is initiated within 48 hours of aneurysm rupture.

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Effect of Clipping, Craniotomy, or Intravascular Coiling on Cerebral Vasospasm and Patient Outcome after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/01.neu.0000137628.51839.d5 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 779-789 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Brian L. Hoh ◽

Mehmet A. Topcuoglu ◽

Aneesh B. Singhal ◽

Johnny C. Pryor ◽

James D. Rabinov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Hospital Mortality ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Poor Grade ◽

Poor Outcome ◽

Symptomatic Vasospasm ◽

Fisher Grade ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Good Grade ◽

Grade 3

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Although several recent studies have suggested that the incidence of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is lower in patients undergoing aneurysmal coiling as compared with clipping, other studies have had conflicting results. We reviewed our experience over 8 years and assessed whether clipping, craniotomy, or coiling affects patient outcomes or the risk for vasospasm. METHODS: We included 515 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, identified prospectively from November 2000 to February 2003 (243 patients) and retrospectively from November 1995 to October 2000 (272 patients), by using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, codes for subarachnoid hemorrhage. We classified patients as follows: clipping (413 patients), coiling (79 patients), and craniotomy (436 patients, including all 413 patients who underwent clipping plus 23 who underwent coiling as well as craniotomy for various reasons). We studied four outcome measures: total vasospasm, symptomatic vasospasm, poor outcome (modified Rankin score 3–6), and in-hospital mortality. To assess the risk of total vasospasm and symptomatic vasospasm, we performed multivariate regression analyses adjusting for age, Fisher grade, Hunt and Hess grade, aneurysm location (anterior versus posterior circulation), and aneurysm treatment modality. To assess the risk for poor outcome and in-hospital mortality, we adjusted for all the above variables as well as for total and symptomatic vasospasm. RESULTS: In the clipping group there was 63% total vasospasm and 28% symptomatic vasospasm; in the coiling group there was 54% total vasospasm and 33% symptomatic vasospasm; and in the craniotomy group there was 64% total vasospasm and 28% symptomatic vasospasm. In the multivariate analysis, age <50 years (P = 0.0099) and Fisher Grade 3 (P < 0.00001) predicted total vasospasm, and Fisher Grade 3 (P < 0.000001) and Hunt and Hess Grade IV or V (P = 0.018) predicted symptomatic vasospasm. Predictors of poor outcome were age ≥50 years (P < 0.0001), Fisher Grade 3 (P = 0.0072), Hunt and Hess Grade IV or V (P < 0.00001), symptomatic vasospasm (P < 0.0001), and coiling (P = 0.0314 versus clipping and P = 0.045 versus craniotomy). Predictors of in-hospital mortality were age ≥ 50 years (P = 0.0030), Hunt and Hess Grade IV or V (P = 0.0001), symptomatic vasospasm (P < 0.00001), and coiling (P = 0.008 versus clipping and P = 0.0013 versus craniotomy). There was no significant difference in total vasospasm or symptomatic vasospasm when patients who underwent clipping or craniotomy were compared with patients who underwent coiling. In patients with Hunt and Hess Grade I to III (“good grade”), clipping and craniotomy were associated with better outcome and less in-hospital mortality, but there was no difference in total vasospasm or symptomatic vasospasm versus coiling. In patients with Hunt and Hess Grade IV or V (“poor grade”), there was no difference in any outcome measure among the treatment groups. CONCLUSION: In a single-center, retrospective, nonrandomized study, performance of clipping and/or craniotomy had significantly better outcome and lower mortality at discharge than coiling in good-grade patients but had no effect on total vasospasm or symptomatic vasospasm in good- or poor-grade patients.

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