Isotope cisternography and ventriculography in congenital anomalies of the central nervous system

1975 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz E. Glasauer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Isotope Studies ◽  
Isotope Cisternography ◽  
Csf Absorption ◽  
Cns Anomalies

✓ The author discusses the value of isotope cisternography and ventriculography in the diagnosis of a variety of congenital anomalies of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with either hydrocephalus or a disturbance in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and absorption. In sincipital encephaloceles the techniques demonstrate CSF communication with the anomalous sac and the frequently associated hydrocephalus with occipital lesions. In porencephaly and cerebral agenesis, the isotope demonstrates ventricular reflux and remains in the cystic dilatation indicating abnormal CSF absorption; isotope ventriculography also reveals a delayed CSF absorption and the possible sites of CSF obstruction in Arnold-Chiari malformations and Dandy-Walker syndrome. In addition to their differential diagnostic value isotope studies can be a helpful guide in the choice of the proper surgical treatment of some CNS anomalies.

scholarly journals Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system: prevalence in a fetal medicine service in the Brazilian Midwest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Leão de Moraes ◽  
Fernanda Sardinha de Abreu Tacon ◽  
Andréa de Faria Rezende Matos ◽  
Natália Cruz e Melo ◽  
Michelle Hermínia Mesquita de Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Fetal Medicine ◽  
Medicine Service ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Cns Anomalies

Introduction: Approximately 21% of congenital anomalies (CA) involve the Central Nervous System (CNS), constituting one of the most common birth defects, affecting 1 to 10: 1,000 of live births. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of CNS anomalies diagnosed by obstetric ultrasound. Methods: Prospective longitudinal cohort study carried out in a public fetal medicine service in Goiânia with pregnant women who were attended in high-risk prenatal care. The patients were followed up during the ultrasound exams from March 2018 to March 2019. Results: 225 cases of pregnant women with ultrasound diagnoses of CA were surveyed during the investigated period. CNS anomalies were the most prevalent, being present in 34.22% (77/225) of the cases. The mean maternal age of pregnant women was 25.55 years and mean gestational age was 28.84 weeks. Hydrocephalus was identified in 23 pregnant women (29.87%), being the most prevalent CNS anomalie. Anencephaly was present in 24.68% (19/77) and holoprosencephaly in 18.18% (14/77). Other CA were also diagnosed (21/77), such as meningocele, spina bifida, acrania, among others. However, they showed a lower prevalence in relation to hydrocephalus, anencephaly and holoprosencephaly. Conclusion: The findings are essential for the planning and allocation of hospital resources and investment in health. Besides that, to adequate and specific prenatal care, is indispensable in the search for reducing the incidence of these malformations, morbidity and improving survival rates of the affected population.

scholarly journals Spectrum of developmental anomalies of the central nervous system encountered in a tertiary care hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 2732
Author(s):  
Subhasish Panda ◽  
Subhashree Dash ◽  
Savitri Bhagat ◽  
Braja Bihari Panda
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Developmental Anomalies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cns Anomalies

Background: Congenital Central Nervous System (CNS) anomalies have typical and characteristic imaging features. Imaging plays a pivotal role in their diagnosis. This study aims to determine the prevalence and spectrum of the various congenital anomalies of the CNS diagnosed at our institution, and to classify the imaging features according to an approved classification system.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on infants and children below 12 years of age attending the Department of Radiodiagnosis of our Institution, for radiographic investigation of congenital anomalies in CNS through Computerised Tomography and/or Magnetic Resonance Imaging, over a period of one year. The spectrum of imaging features was analysed as per approved classification and corroboration with their clinical background. The prevalence of each type of congenital anomaly was also assessed.Results: A total number of 43 developmental anomalies of the central nervous system were encountered in 33 patients over a period of one year. The most common anomalies encountered were partial corpus callosal agenesis, heterotopic grey matter and Dandy Walker malformation. The total prevalence of CNS anomalies was 4.22%. The most common clinical symptoms in these patients were seizures followed by focal neurological deficit. The imaging findings of each anomaly are discussed.Conclusions: Developmental anomalies of CNS are encountered in 4.22% of patients in our Institution, with partial corpus callosum agenesis being the most frequent entity. Familiarity with imaging findings of these malformations is mandatory for every radiologist.

scholarly journals The Spectrum of Congenital Central Nervous System Anomalies Among Stillborn: An Autopsy Based Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 097275312199016
Author(s):  
S. P. Vinutha ◽  
D. Narayanappa ◽  
G. V. Manjunath ◽  
M. S. Sujatha ◽  
M. C. Sapna Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Fetal Autopsy ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Ultrasound Findings ◽  
Cns Anomalies

Background: Congenital central nervous system (CNS) anomalies are the structural or functional abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord that occur during the intrauterine developmental process. Purpose: The present study aims to detect the prevalence of congenital CNS anomalies among stillborn fetuses, the association between congenital anomalies and maternal factors, and also the association between autopsy and ultrasound findings. Methods: This study was conducted on 50 stillborn fetuses, obtained from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at JSS Medical College and Hospital, Mysuru. The fetuses were fixed in 10% formalin and autopsies were performed as per the standard fetal autopsy protocol. The congenital CNS anomalies were studied in detail. Results: CNS anomalies were the most common congenital anomalies observed. Out of the total 50 stillborn fetuses studied, CNS anomalies were found in 17 fetuses and their occurrence was more common among male stillborn than females. Meningomyelocele was the most common anomaly, followed by anencephaly. The other anomalies documented were meningocele, encephalocele, meningoencephalocele, agenesis of the corpus callosum, craniorachischisis, bifid cerebellum with hypoplastic vermis, holoprosencephaly, and sirenomelia. Fisher’s exact test showed a significant association between maternal hypothyroidism and congenital CNS anomalies ( P < .05). The autopsy confirmed the ultrasound findings in 40 (80%) fetuses. There were significant additional findings observed in seven (14%) fetal autopsies and ultrasound diagnosis completely changed in three (6%) cases, after the final autopsy procedure. Conclusion: The fetal autopsy is the single most directly evident investigation, which gives information that changes or significantly improves the clinical diagnosis. A multidisciplinary holistic approach toward pregnancy will help to detect any kind of abnormality in the fetus and thus to take a timely decision toward the management.

scholarly journals Neurons Are Host Cells for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1880-1890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa J. Randall ◽  
Nai-Jen Hsu ◽  
Dirk Lang ◽  
Susan Cooper ◽  
Boipelo Sebesho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACTMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection of the central nervous system is thought to be initiated once the bacilli have breached the blood brain barrier and are phagocytosed, primarily by microglial cells. In this study, the interactions ofM. tuberculosiswith neuronsin vitroandin vivowere investigated. The data obtained demonstrate that neurons can act as host cells forM. tuberculosis.M. tuberculosisbacilli were internalized by murine neuronal cultured cells in a time-dependent manner after exposure, with superior uptake by HT22 cells compared to Neuro-2a cells (17.7% versus 9.8%). Internalization ofM. tuberculosisbacilli by human SK-N-SH cultured neurons suggested the clinical relevance of the findings. Moreover, primary murine hippocampus-derived neuronal cultures could similarly internalizeM. tuberculosis. InternalizedM. tuberculosisbacilli represented a productive infection with retention of bacterial viability and replicative potential, increasing 2- to 4-fold within 48 h.M. tuberculosisbacillus infection of neurons was confirmedin vivoin the brains of C57BL/6 mice after intracerebral challenge. This study, therefore, demonstrates neurons as potential new target cells forM. tuberculosiswithin the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Cryptococcus neoformans to Mammalian Hosts: Integrated Regulation of Metabolism and Virulence

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Kronstad ◽  
Sanjay Saikia ◽  
Erik David Nielson ◽  
Matthias Kretschmer ◽  
Wonhee Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Central Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Complex Integration

ABSTRACTThe basidiomycete fungusCryptococcus neoformansinfects humans via inhalation of desiccated yeast cells or spores from the environment. In the absence of effective immune containment, the initial pulmonary infection often spreads to the central nervous system to result in meningoencephalitis. The fungus must therefore make the transition from the environment to different mammalian niches that include the intracellular locale of phagocytic cells and extracellular sites in the lung, bloodstream, and central nervous system. Recent studies provide insights into mechanisms of adaptation during this transition that include the expression of antiphagocytic functions, the remodeling of central carbon metabolism, the expression of specific nutrient acquisition systems, and the response to hypoxia. Specific transcription factors regulate these functions as well as the expression of one or more of the major known virulence factors ofC. neoformans. Therefore, virulence factor expression is to a large extent embedded in the regulation of a variety of functions needed for growth in mammalian hosts. In this regard, the complex integration of these processes is reminiscent of the master regulators of virulence in bacterial pathogens.

Cerebral sparganosis

1990 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Mitchell ◽  
Bernd W. Scheithauer ◽  
Patrick J. Kelly ◽  
Glenn S. Forbes ◽  
Jon E. Rosenblatt
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chronic Abscess ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Sparganosis ◽  
Tapeworm Infection ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The tapeworm Spirometra mansonoides infects man worldwide, particularly in Asian countries. Rarely, the central nervous system is involved; such a case is presented here. In the total of 12 reported cases, including the case described, the worm presented clinically as a mass suspicious for neoplasm or chronic abscess cavity. Surgical removal was invariably curative in each case. Although infrequent, the possibility of tapeworm infection should be entertained in the evaluation of intracranial masses in patients who have visited exotic locales.

Central nervous system mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

1984 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Griffith R. Harsh ◽  
Charles B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Vascular Tumor ◽  
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Meningeal Tumor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Initial Resection ◽  
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcomas ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Local recurrence developed 6 years after the initial resection of an intraspinal meningeal tumor that originally was thought to be an angioblastic meningioma. Histological review of the pathology led to a change of that diagnosis to one of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. The recurrent vascular tumor was embolized, then totally excised. Because this tumor had malignant features, the patient received irradiation and chemotherapy. No evidence of regrowth has been observed during a period of more than 4 years. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas of the central nervous system and their treatment are reviewed.

Central nervous system leiomyosarcoma in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

2000 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Ritter ◽  
Barbara H. Amaker ◽  
R. Scott Graham ◽  
William C. Broaddus ◽  
John D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

✓ Leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) of the central nervous system are extremely rare; however, they are becoming more prevalent in immunocompromised patients. The authors present the cases of two patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: one with LMS of the thoracic vertebral body and the other with LMS originating from the region of the cavernous sinus. The epidemiological and histological characteristics of LMS and its association with latent Epstein—Barr virus are discussed, as well as the treatments for this neoplasm.

Epidermoid and dermoid cysts

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beniamino Guidetti ◽  
Franco M. Gagliardi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Late Results ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Operating Technique ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The authors report on the clinical data, operating technique, postoperative complications, and late results in a series of 31 epidermoid and 21 dermoid cysts of the central nervous system.

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