The crucial decade: modern neurosurgery's definitive development in Harvey Cushing's early research and practice, 1900 to 1910

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 964-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Greenblatt
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Success ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Ability ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
Fine Print

✓ When Harvey Cushing announced his full-time commitment to neurological surgery in 1904, it was a discouraging and discouraged enterprise. Other surgeons' mortality rates for patients with brain tumors were 30 to 50%. By 1910 Cushing had operated on 180 tumors; he had a thriving practice, with a patient mortality rate of less than 13%. The three essential ingredients of his success were: 1) a new surgical conceptualization of intracranial pressure (ICP); 2) technical innovations for controlling ICP; and 3) establishment of a large referral base. In the years 1901 through 1905, the implications of his research on the “Cushing reflex” were quickly translated into surgical techniques for controlling ICP. In the period between 1906 and 1910, Cushing built up his referral practice by publishing widely, and especially by lecturing to medical audiences throughout the United States and Canada. His scientific work on ICP was essential to his clinical success, but without his professional and social ability to build a thriving practice, there would have been insufficient material for him to use to improve his approaches.

The Mayo brothers and Harvey Cushing: a review of their 39-year friendship through their personal letters

2005 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol ◽  
J. Michael Homan ◽  
Edward R. Laws ◽  
John L. D. Atkinson ◽  
Ross H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mayo Clinic ◽  
Professional Association ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Mayo Clinic founders, William J. Mayo and Charles H. Mayo, and Harvey W. Cushing were among the most significant pioneers of modern American surgery. A review of their personal correspondence reveals a special relationship among these three individuals, particularly between William Mayo and Cushing. Their interactions within the Society of Clinical Surgery initiated their close personal and professional association, which would endure for 39 years. William Mayo strongly supported Cushing's efforts to develop the specialty of neurological surgery, and Cushing sought Mayo's advice in making important career-related decisions. Their supportive friendship and professional alliance remains an example for future generations of neurological surgeons.

Residency training in neurological surgery, 1934–1984: evolution over 50 years of trial and tribulation

1984 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron Cone Pevehouse
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Residency Training ◽  
American Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neurosurgical Training ◽  
Professional Liability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) reviews formal neurosurgical training in the United States from its inception with one program in 1934 to 1984, with 94 programs and 650 residents. He reports on the 1st year's experience with a national neurosurgical residency matching plan. He presents realistic remedies for today's professional liability dilemma and analyzes socioeconomic factors that have led to the complex challenges facing neurosurgeons in this decade, relating the importance of the AANS mission and goals in resolving these issues.

William Osler and “the special field of neurological surgery”

1989 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Canale
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Johns Hopkins Hospital ◽  
Surgical Specialty ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Considerable Contribution ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
William Osler ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Harvey Cushing's paper, “The special field of neurological surgery,” published in the Bulletin of The Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1905, constitutes a recognized milestone in the establishment of neurological surgery as a separate surgical specialty in the United States. The main point the author wishes to make here is that the very special friendship of Sir William Osler, influencing, encouraging, stimulating Cushing at the particular time that it did (1901 to 1905), was probably the primary positive influence that made it possible for Cushing to achieve specialization in neurological surgery and to make his considerable contribution in this field.

AANS Presidential Address: The tradition of Harvey Cushing commemorated by a stamp in the Great American stamp series

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Ojemann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
The United States ◽  
Postal Service ◽  
Postage Stamp ◽  
United States Postal Service ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
United States Postal

✓ With the announcement that Harvey Cushing is to be honored by a United States postage stamp in the Great American stamp series, the qualities that this remarkable man possessed are reviewed — artist, author, bibliophile, scientist, soldier, physician, and teacher. The events that led to Cushing becoming a neurosurgeon are summarized. The recognition by the United States Postal Service of physicians and others who have appeared on stamps that had some relationship to Cushing's activities is discussed. Based on the tradition of Harvey Cushing, eight guidelines are presented.

The Massachusetts General Hospital

1993 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 948-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred G. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Medical Student ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Early History ◽  
Brain Surgery ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The early history of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) is reviewed with emphasis on the development of neurological surgery. The hospital opened in 1823. Early trephinations were performed by Dr. John Collins Warren and others for treatment of trauma and epilepsy. In the 1880's, interest in brain surgery increased, and Dr. John Elliot performed several trephinations for brain tumors, three of which were witnessed by Dr. Harvey Cushing during his years at the MGH as medical student and intern. In 1911, all brain surgery was placed in the hands of Dr. S. J. Mixter. He later shared the assignment with his son, Dr. W. J. Mixter, who described herniation of the intervertebral disc with Dr. J. S. Barr and became the first Chief of the Neurosurgical Service at MGH in 1939.

Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland: a neurosurgical chronicle

1995 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-755
Author(s):  
Mary Louise Hlavin ◽  
Robert A. Ratcheson
Keyword(s):  
University Hospitals ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
Western Reserve

✓ There is a strong tradition of neurosurgery in Cleveland. This article traces the origin of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland and examines the evolution of neurological surgery at these institutions. It looks at the strong Cushing influence on the process, by both Harvey Cushing and his family. The contributions of such luminaries as George Crile, Elliott Cutler, Claude Beck, and Frank Nulsen are described.

The AANS: The national and international organization for neurological surgery

1992 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
American Association ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
International Role ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) validates the AANS as the national neurosurgical organization. He describes improved management of major committees of neurological surgery by the Joint Officers of the AANS and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. A strong argument and proclamation are presented to expand the international role of the former Harvey Cushing Society.

Vilhelm Magnus — pioneer neurosurgeon

1990 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Fodstad ◽  
Bengt Ljunggren ◽  
Kristian Kristiansen
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Training ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Acoustic Tumor ◽  
Neurological Surgery

✓ In parallel with but completely independent from Harvey Cushing, Norway had its own giant in the establishment of the special field of neurological surgery. Vilhelm Magnus (1871–1929), born in the United States in Fillmore County, Minnesota, was Norway's pioneering neurosurgeon. Following graduation in Oslo, he started his clinical training in neurology and became an early member of the small group of neurologists of the time who were dissatisfied with the therapeutic nihilism generally accepted in relation to diseases of the nervous system. After working with Victor Horsley, whom he held in high esteem, Magnus devoted himself to surgically treatable lesions in the nervous system. During a quarter of a century he single-handedly established the special field of neurological surgery in Norway. Magnus was a far-seeing and brilliant surgeon with a broad intellectual mind, a startling diligence, and wide research activities. He published his first scientific paper in 1899 and his total contribution to the literature amounted to 70 papers. In 1901 he was able to demonstrate the importance of the corpus luteum in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy. As early as 1903 Magnus manifested his interest in the surgical treatment of brain tumors. In 1926 his surgical material comprised 216 patients, with an 8% operative mortality rate among 161 cases of supratentorial tumor versus 17% for 55 cases of infratentorial tumors, including 14 cases of acoustic tumor. Vilhelm Magnus, who visited Harvey Cushing in 1928, has hitherto not been given the attention he merits.

California's Cushing connection: Harvey Cushing trained California's first neurosurgeons

2002 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 728-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Keller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
History Of Medicine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Surgical Practice ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fine Print

✓ On September 9, 2000, California celebrated its sesquicentennial anniversary of its admission to the United States. One hundred years ago, in September of 1901, Harvey Cushing began his surgical practice in Baltimore, Maryland. The proximity of these dates presents an auspicious moment for a review of the careers of three neurosurgeons trained by Dr. Cushing—Howard Naffziger, Carl Rand, and Edward Towne—who played defining roles in establishing modern neurosurgery in the Golden State. In promulgating Cushing's surgical principles and philosophy, these physicians achieved a distinguished place in the history of medicine in California.

Neurological surgery in our changing times

1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy L. Odom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Curricular Change ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Federal Support ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
Specific Number ◽  
Fine Print

The President of the AANS evaluates the need for more neurosurgeons in the United States and concludes, on the basis of detailed surveys and analyses, that the field is nearing saturation. His evidence includes the effects of curricular change, the complicated process of accreditation, the shifting course of Federal support, the geographic distribution of neurosurgeons, the specific number of operations performed, and the effect of fragmentation within the specialty of neurosurgery.

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