Role of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the biology of human glioblastoma U-373MG cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 997-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina G. Murphy ◽  
James D. Hatton ◽  
Hoi Sang U
Keyword(s):  
Population Doubling ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Glial Tumor ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Expression Clone ◽  
Gfap Expression ◽  
Tumor Cell Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The relationship between glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and glial tumor cell behavior has not been well defined. The goal of this study was to examine this relationship further. Methods. To investigate the relationship between GFAP expression and glial tumor cell behavior, the authors isolated clones from the human glioblastoma cell line, U-373MG, according to their level of GFAP expression. Immunochemical analysis demonstrated that one clone had consistently low GFAP expression (approximately 93% of cells were GFAP negative), whereas a second clone had consistently high GFAP expression (approximately 80% of the cells were GFAP positive). The structure, population doubling time, saturation density, anchorage-independent growth, migratory rate, and invasive potential of these two clones were determined in relation to their level of GFAP expression. Morphologically, both clones were composed of ameboid as well as stellate components. Although the population doubling times of the two clones were equally rapid, the clone with low GFAP expression demonstrated a slightly higher saturation density compared with the clone with high GFAP expression. In an anchorage-independent environment (soft agar), a greater difference in growth characteristics was noted between the two clones: the high-expression clone formed more colonies and these colonies were compact, well defined, and spherical, whereas the low-expression clone formed predominantly smaller, two-dimensional colonies with vague boundaries and isolated cells or groups of cells at the periphery. In contrast to these minor differences between the clones, the low-expression clone showed a markedly increased migratory rate and invasive potential compared with the high-expression clone. Therefore, the clone with reduced GFAP expression appeared more aggressive, demonstrating decreased contact inhibition, increased migratory rate, and increased invasive potential. Conclusions. These results suggest a direct correlation between GFAP expression and some measures of aggressive tumor growth and transformation properties.

Antitumor effects of antiprogesterones on human meningioma cells in vitro and in vivo

1994 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Matsuda ◽  
Keiichi Kawamoto ◽  
Katsuzo Kiya ◽  
Kaoru Kurisu ◽  
Kazuhiko Sugiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Tumor Volume ◽  
Collagen Gel ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The presence of the progesterone receptor (PR) in meningioma tissue has been confirmed by previous investigations. Studies have shown that the antiprogesterone drug, mifepristone, is a potent agent that inhibits the growth of cultured meningioma cells and reduces the size of meningiomas in experimental animal models and humans. However, these studies have not fully examined the relationship between the antitumor effects of an antiprogesterone agent and the expression of the PR. The present study examined the antitumor effects of mifepristone and a new potent antiprogesterone agent, onapristone; a correlation between the antitumor effects of these antiprogesterones and the presence of PR's in meningiomas in vitro and in vivo was also investigated. Meningioma tissue surgically removed from 13 patients was used in this study. In the in vitro arm of the study, mifepristone and onapristone exhibited cytostatic and cytocidal effects against cultured meningioma cells, regardless of the presence or absence of PR's; however, three PR-negative meningiomas showed no response to any dose of mifepristone and/or onapristone. In the in vivo arm, meningioma cells, embedded in a collagen gel, were implanted into the renal capsules of nude mice. Antiprogesterone treatment resulted in a marked reduction of the tumor volume regardless of the presence or absence of PR's. No histological changes in the meningioma cells suggestive of necrosis or apoptosis were detected in any of the mice treated with antiprogesterones. These findings suggest that mifepristone and onapristone have an antitumor effect against meningioma cells via the PR's and/or another receptor, such as the glucocorticoid receptor.

Interleukin-6 overexpression as a marker of malignancy in human gliomas

2001 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Rolhion ◽  
Frédérique Penault-Llorca ◽  
Jean-Louis Kémény ◽  
Jean-Jacques Lemaire ◽  
Christiane Jullien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs) grow rapidly and are highly resistant to treatment compared with other glioma types and grades. Consequently, it is of major interest to identify markers of aggressiveness in these tumors that could represent new therapeutic targets. Interleukin (IL)—6 is frequently produced in gliomas and, given its manifold properties, could be considered as a candidate marker. Expression of IL-6 may be involved in cell growth, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy (via an antiapoptotic pathway), and angiogenesis. This study was conducted to test this hypotheses and to evaluate the suitability of IL-6 as a target in the treatment of GBMs. Methods. The authors studied the relationship between the level of IL-6 gene expression as assessed using semiquantitative reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction and by determining various histological types and grades in a series of 59 gliomas. It was found that GBMs displayed a significantly higher level of IL-6 expression than other types of glioma (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that IL-6 was produced mainly by malignant cells and a few vascular endothelial cells. Conclusions. It can be inferred from these findings that IL-6 gene expression is related to glioma aggressiveness and that IL-6 may play a central role in GBM behavior. Interleukin-6, therefore, could be considered as a new potential target in the treatment of GBMs.

Facial nevi associated with anomalous venous return and hydrocephalus

1976 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Shapiro ◽  
Kenneth Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Venous Return ◽  
Venous Hypertension ◽  
Communicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Weber Syndrome ◽  
Sturge Weber Syndrome ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The authors describe two children with anomalous intracranial venous return associated with bilateral facial nevi, macrocrania, and cephalic venous hypertension. Both children had functional absence of the jugular bulbs, forcing the intracranial venous effluent to exit through persistent emissary pathways. Both children had sustained intracranial hypertension, with one child developing symptomatic communicating hydrocephalus that responded satisfactorily to shunting. The relationship between these patients and those with Sturge-Weber syndrome is discussed. The embryologic abnormality producing the anomalous venous return is characterized. The link between venous hypertension and the development of hydrocephalus is discussed. The increased cranial compliance seen in this age group may predispose certain pediatric patients to develop hydrocephalus when stressed by venous hypertension.

Bifurcation geometry and the presence of cerebral artery aneurysms

2004 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tor Ingebrigtsen ◽  
Michael K. Morgan ◽  
Ken Faulder ◽  
Linda Ingebrigtsen ◽  
Trygve Sparr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Circle Of Willis ◽  
Parent Vessel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Optimality Principles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The angles of arterial bifurcations are governed by principles of work minimization (optimality principle). This determines the relationship between the angle of a bifurcation and the radii of the vessels. Nevertheless, the model is predicated on an absence of significant communication between these branches. The circle of Willis changes this relationship because the vessels proximal to the ring of vessels have additional factors that determine work minimization compared with more distal branches. This must have an impact on understanding of the relationship between shear stress and aneurysm formation. The authors hypothesized that normal bifurcations of cerebral arteries beyond the circle of Willis would follow optimality principles of minimum work and that the presence of aneurysms would be associated with deviations from optimum bifurcation geometry. Nevertheless, the vessels participating in (or immediately proximal to) the circle of Willis may not follow the geometric model as it is generally applied and this must also be investigated. Methods. One hundred seven bifurcations of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), distal internal carotid artery (ICA), and basilar artery (BA) were studied in 55 patients. The authors analyzed three-dimensional reconstructions of digital subtraction angiography images with respect to vessel radii and bifurcation angles. The junction exponent (that is, a calculated measure of the division of flow at the bifurcation) and the difference between the predicted optimal and observed branch angles were used as measures of deviation from the geometry thought best to minimize work. The mean junction exponent for MCA bifurcations was 2.9 ± 1.2 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]), which is close to the theoretical optimum of 3, but it was significantly smaller (p < 0.001; 1.7 ± 0.8, mean ± SD) for distal ICA bifurcations. In a multilevel multivariate logistic regression analysis, only the observed branch angles were significant independent predictors for the presence of an aneurysm. The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for the presence of an aneurysm was 3.46 (1.02–11.74) between the lowest and highest tertile of the observed angle between the parent vessel and the largest branch. The corresponding OR for the smallest branch was 48.06 (9.7–238.2). Conclusions. The bifurcation beyond the circle of Willis (that is, the MCA) closely approximated optimality principles, whereas the bifurcations within the circle of Willis (that is, the distal ICA and BA) did not. This indicates that the confluence of hemodynamic forces plays an important role in the distribution of work at bifurcations within the circle of Willis. In addition, the observed branch angles were predictors for the presence of aneurysms.

Radiation-induced intracranial malignant gliomas

1989 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Shapiro ◽  
John Mealey ◽  
Carl Sartorius
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Radiation Necrosis ◽  
External Beam Radiotherapy ◽  
Malignant Gliomas ◽  
Interstitial Brachytherapy ◽  
External Beam ◽  
Glial Tumor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The authors present seven cases of malignant gliomas that occurred after radiation therapy administered for diseases different from the subsequent glial tumor. Included among these seven are three patients who were treated with interstitial brachytherapy. Previously reported cases of radiation-induced glioma are reviewed and analyzed for common characteristics. Children receiving central nervous system irradiation appear particularly susceptible to induction of malignant gliomas by radiation. Interstitial brachytherapy may be used successfully instead of external beam radiotherapy in previously irradiated, tumor-free brain, and thus may reduce the risk of radiation necrosis.

Use of cytological preparations for the intraoperative diagnosis of stereotactically obtained brain biopsies: a 19-year experience and survey of neuropathologists

1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina S. Firlik ◽  
A. Julio Martinez ◽  
L. Dade Lunsford
Keyword(s):  
Frozen Section ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Glial Tumor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
University Of Pittsburgh ◽  
Intraoperative Diagnosis ◽  
Frozen Section Examination ◽  
Section Technique ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The goals of this study were to analyze the accuracy of cytological techniques, consisting of touch and smear preparations, for the intraoperative diagnosis of stereotactically obtained brain biopsy samples, and to determine the prevalence of the use of these methods among neuropathologists.Methods. A survey regarding preferred methods for intraoperative diagnosis of stereotactically obtained brain biopsy samples was completed by 92 (62%) of 148 neuropathologists. Twenty-three percent of respondents chose frozen-section examination alone; 13% chose one or more cytological methods alone; and the remainder (64%) chose a combination of frozen-section examination and cytology.At the University of Pittsburgh, the neuropathology records for all stereotactic brain biopsies performed from May 1979 through May 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. Of the 946 stereotactic brain biopsies, 316 cases were excluded because the intraoperative neuropathological consultation was not recorded. Thirty-five cases were excluded because frozen-section examinations were performed. Therefore, a total of 595 cases were suitable for analysis.Intraoperative cytological investigation correlated with the final diagnosis in 90% of cases (52% complete correlation and 38% partial correlation). In 11% of cases there was no correlation between the intraoperative and final diagnoses. Intraoperative diagnoses were most accurate in cases of abscess, germinoma, lymphoma, metastasis, and malignant glioma.Overall, 91% of biopsy specimens were diagnostic when examined using the paraffin-embedded section technique. The sensitivity of cytological preparations in detecting a diagnostic specimen was 96% and the specificity in detecting a nondiagnostic specimen was 75%.Conclusions. Intraoperative cytological preparations correlated with the final diagnoses in 90% of stereotactic biopsies and had a 96% sensitivity in detecting diagnostic specimens. The highest rate of correlation was noted in cases of abscess, germinoma, lymphoma, metastasis, and malignant glial tumor.

A simple, inexpensive technique for accurate mass localization by computerized tomography

1980 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
John I. Moseley ◽  
Steven L. Giannotta ◽  
Justin W. Renaudin
Keyword(s):  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Accurate Mass ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Accurate Localization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Inexpensive Technique ◽  
Tomography Scanning ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A simple wire template is placed on the patient's head during computerized tomography scanning, and the results of the scan are later reproduced on the scalp prior to surgery. Measurements of the distance between the wires and the relationship of the mass provide the key to accurate localization of the mass on the scalp surface.

Human arachnoid villi response to subarachnoid hemorrhage: possible relationship to chronic hydrocephalus

1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Massicotte ◽  
Marc R. Del Bigio
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Communicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Csf Flow ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Arachnoid Villi ◽  
Cell Accumulation ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The origin of chronic communicating hydrocephalus following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is not well understood. Fibrosis of the arachnoid villi has been suggested as the cause for obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, but this is not well supported in the literature. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between blood, inflammation, and cellular proliferation in arachnoid villi after SAH.Methods. Arachnoid villi from 50 adult patients were sampled at autopsy. All specimens were subjected to a variety of histochemical and immunohistochemical stains. The 23 cases of SAH consisted of patients in whom an autopsy was performed 12 hours to 34 years post-SAH. Fifteen cases were identified as moderate-to-severe SAH, with varying degrees of hydrocephalus. In comparison with 27 age-matched non-SAH controls, the authors observed blood and inflammation within the arachnoid villi during the 1st week after SAH. Greater mitotic activity was also noted among arachnoid cap cells. The patient with chronic SAH presented with ventriculomegaly 2 months post-SAH and exhibited remarkable arachnoid cap cell accumulation.Conclusions. The authors postulate that proliferation of arachnoidal cells, triggered by the inflammatory reaction or blood clotting products, could result in obstruction of CSF flow through arachnoid villi into the venous sinuses. This does not exclude the possibility that SAH causes generalized fibrosis in the subarachnoid space.

Relationship of perfusion pressure and size to risk of hemorrhage from arteriovenous malformations

1992 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 918-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Spetzler ◽  
Ronald W. Hargraves ◽  
Patrick W. McCormick ◽  
Joseph M. Zabramski ◽  
Richard A. Flom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Feeding Artery ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Pressure ◽  
Risk Of Hemorrhage ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The relationship between the size of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and its propensity to hemorrhage is unclear. Although nidus volume increases geometrically with respect to AVM diameter, hemorrhages are at least as common, in small AVM's compared to large AVM's. The authors prospectively evaluated 92 AVM's for nidus size, hematoma size, and arterial feeding pressure to determine if these variables influence the tendency to hemorrhage. Small AVM's (diameter ≤ 3 cm) presented with hemorrhage significantly more often (p < 0.001) than large AVM's (diameter > 6 cm), the incidence being 82% versus 21%. Intraoperative arterial pressures were recorded from the main feeding vessel(s) in 24 of the 92 patients in this series: 10 presented with hemorrhage and 14 presented with other neurological symptoms. In the AVM's that had hemorrhaged, the mean difference between mean arterial blood pressure and the feeding artery pressure was 6.5 mm Hg (range 2 to 15 mm Hg). In the AVM's that did not rupture, this difference was 40 mm Hg (range 17 to 63 mm Hg). Smaller AVM's had significantly higher feeding artery pressures (p < 0.05) than did larger AVM's, and they were associated with large hemorrhages. It is suggested that differences in arterial feeding pressure may be responsible for the observed relationship between the size of AVM's and the frequency and severity of hemorrhage.

Laboratory experience with a magnetically guided intravascular catheter system

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert L. Cares ◽  
J. Richard Hale ◽  
D. Bruce Montgomery ◽  
Howard A. Richter ◽  
William H. Sweet
Keyword(s):  
Intravascular Catheter ◽  
Selective Angiography ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Laboratory Experience ◽  
Arteriovenous Fistulas ◽  
Catheter System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fine Print

✓ An improved magnetically-guided intravascular catheter system in dogs is described as safe, requiring little attention, allowing the application of flow surges to aid propulsion of the tip, and providing for angiography of good quality. Current concepts of the relationship of magnetic and flow guidance are discussed. The uses of the system demonstrated include selective angiography, perfusion of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate into experimental arteriovenous fistulas, and perfusion of microparticulate iron suspensions into experimental aneurysms. A unique detachable macroballoon that may function as a reversible tethered embolus is reported.

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