Spina bifida occulta and monozygotic twins

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Spacca ◽  
Neil Buxton
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Tethered Cord ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spina Bifida Occulta ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Second Twin

Central nervous system maldevelopment can have different presentations in twins. We report on a case of different presentations of spina bifida occulta in monozygotic twins. The first twin presented at birth with a lipomyelomeningocele; a tethered cord was diagnosed in the second twin at 2 years of age. Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of common congenital malformations of the brain and spine generated during neurulation. The genetic basis of this process is still not well known. Whenever an NTD is diagnosed in one of a pair of twins, the other twin should also be evaluated for NTDs.

scholarly journals Baylisascaris potosis larvae in mice of different strains and infectivity of tissue larvae

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-292
Author(s):  
K. Taira ◽  
M. Takechi ◽  
H. K. Ooi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Icr Mice ◽  
Tissue Migration ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Brain

SummaryMigration of Baylisascaris potosis larvae in different mouse strains were compared, and infectivity of the persisting larvae in mice tissues were investigated. Five strains of mice, BALB/c, C57BL/6, AKR, B10.BR, and ICR were inoculated with 1,000 B. potosis eggs/mouse, and necropsied at week 13 post inoculation (PI). The other uninfected ICR mice (secondary host) were inoculated with 43 larvae/ mouse recovered from mice at week 13 PI with eggs, and necropsied at day 21 PI. Larvae in organs or tissues were counted at necropsy. One AKR mouse showed torticollis and circling at day 56 PI. At necropsy at week 13 PI, larvae were recovered from all mice. A mean total larvae recovered were 124.1 (n=40). Majority of larvae were found in the carcass (mean 113.9) and some in the viscera (mean 9.9). Zero to 1 larva were found in the brain or eyes of some mice. There were no differences among the mouse strains in the number of larvae, except in the viscera; more larvae were seen in BALB/c or ICR than in B10.BR mice. No larvae were found in the secondary host mice. Present study demonstrated that B. potosis larvae migrate well in the carcass of any strains of mice, however, the tissue larvae did not infect the secondary host. Results of our present study suggest that B. potosis larvae is less aggressive for the nervous tissue migration than that of B. procyonis larvae which is commonly known to migrate in central nervous system of mammals and birds.

scholarly journals Correlation of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease with psycological factors: A viscous cycle?

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akriti Sharma ◽  
◽  
Garima Singal ◽  
Urvi Saini ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Reflux Disease ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Brain

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a disorder of the gastro-intestinal tract is often associated with psychological factors such as anxiety and depression. Researchers across the globe are divided in their views about psychological factors being the cause or sequalae of GERD. While some researchers believe that psychiatric disorders contribute to GERD, others suggest that unresolved GERD leads to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Through this article we aim to highlight, that the brain-gut axis acts as a strong link between the central nervous system and Gastrointestinal tract and that there is a likelihood of a viscous cycle of psychological factors leading to symptoms of GERD, and unresolved GERD contributing to further worsening of psychological illnesses. In our opinion, while treating patients for either of the two disorders, history of the other one needs to be excluded and if GERD and psychological illnesses are found to co-exist, the two must be treated simultaneously as the treatment of one maybe incomplete without treatment of the other.

The Embryology of the Telencephalic Fibre Systems in the Mouse

Development ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Bengt Källén
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ventricular Wall ◽  
Brain Nuclei ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Nuclear Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
High Migration

Bergquist, Källén, and collaborators, in a series of works summarized by Bergquist & Källén (1954) have studied the early ontogenesis of the central nervous system in vertebrates including, among other problems, the development of the brain nuclei. As is apparent from these papers, nuclear development starts from so-called ‘migration areas’, i.e. parts of the ventricular wall with a high migration tendency. From these areas cells migrate either in one or in a number of successive periods, giving rise to migration layers which lie one outside the other. These layers may later become subdivided and in this way form localized cell groups or nuclear anlagen. These studies have also shown that the formation of the nuclei takes place according to a pattern which is very much the same in different vertebrates. The position and the number of migration areas in different brain types is relatively constant.

scholarly journals Soportes neurales de las emociones: un acercamiento descriptivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 5560-5567
Author(s):  
Franyelit Suárez-Carreño
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antisocial Behaviors ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Social Patterns ◽  
Social Standard ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
The Brain

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de las emociones desde los procesos cognoscitivos cerebrales, tomando en cuenta algunos estudios neurobiológicos experimentales. Se analizan los sistemas sensoriales, las reacciones fisiológicas del sistema nervioso central, y se evalúan los estímulos emocionales. Se evidencia que las expresiones subjetivas y las reacciones físicas de las emociones están condicionadas a los patrones sociales, costumbres familiares y principalmente a estereotipos morales de las personas. Entre las características observadas prevalecen las emociones auto sancionarías y las de empatía con el otro. Finalmente fue posible reconocer que la restricción de las emociones en las personas puede ocasionar conductas psicológicas que perjudican su relación con el entorno. Además, se producen conductas antisociales, falta de comprensión de los sentimientos ajenos, incumplimiento de las reglas, entre otras actividades y estándares sociales.   This work presents a review of emotions from the cognitive processes of the brain, taking into account some experimental neurobiological studies. Sensory systems are analyzed, physiological reactions of the central nervous system, and emotional stimuli are evaluated. It is evidenced that subjective expressions and physical reactions of emotions are conditioned to social patterns, family customs and mainly to moral stereotypes of people. Among the observed characteristics, self-sanctioning emotions and those of empathy with the other prevail. Finally, it was possible to recognize that the restriction of emotions in people can cause psychological behaviors that damage their relationship with the environment. In addition, antisocial behaviors occur, lack of understanding of the feelings of others, breach of rules, among other activities and social standard.  

scholarly journals Outcome of surgical untethering of tethered cord syndrome in adults due to spina bifida occulta

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Bassam Mahmood Flamerz Arkawazi
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Tethered Cord ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Spina Bifida Occulta ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Early Surgery ◽  
Lower Extremity Weakness ◽  
Pain Status

Background:. Children with spina bifida occulta require early surgery to prevent neurological deficits. The treatment of patients with a congenitally tethered cord who present in adulthood remains controversial. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the outcome obtained in 61 adult patients with congenital TCS and no prior surgical treatment who underwent surgical untethering. Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 61 adult patients who underwent surgical untethering for spina bifida occulta at four neurosurgical centers in Baghdad / Iraq  between March 2000 and January 2018. Patients who had undergone prior myelomeningocele repair or tethered cord release surgery were excluded. The most common intraoperative findings were lipomyelomeningocele (41%) and a tight terminal filum (36%). The follow-up duration ranged from 10.8 to 149.5 months (mean 20.9 months). Of the 34 patients with back pain, status improved in 65%, worsened in 3%, remained unchanged in 18%, and improved and later recurred in 15%. Lower-extremity pain improved in 16 patients (53%), remained unchanged in 23%, improved and then recurred in 17%, and worsened in 7%. Lower-extremity weakness improved in 47%, remained unchanged in 47%, and improved and then recurred in 5%. Finally, of the 17 patients with lower-extremity sensory changes, status improved in 35%, remained unchanged in 35%, and the information on five patients was unavailable. Surgical complications included three wound infections, one cerebrospinal fluid leak, and two pseudomeningoceles requiring surgical revision. One patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis postoperatively and died several days later. Conclusions: Adult-age presentation of a congenital tethered cord is unusual. Despite a slight increase in postoperative neurological injury in adults, surgery has relatively low risk and offers good potential for neurological improvement or stabilization. As in children, we recommend early surgery in adults with this disorder. The decision to undertake surgery, however, should be modulated by other factors such as a patient’s general medical condition and risk posed by anesthesia.

Tethered cord due to spina bifida occulta presenting in adulthood: a tricenter review of 61 patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharad Rajpal ◽  
R. Shane Tubbs ◽  
Timothy George ◽  
W. Jerry Oakes ◽  
Herbert E. Fuchs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Tethered Cord ◽  
Spina Bifida Occulta ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Early Surgery ◽  
Lower Extremity Weakness ◽  
Pain Status

Object Children with spina bifida occulta require early surgery to prevent neurological deficits. The treatment of patients with a congenitally tethered cord who present in adulthood remains controversial. Methods The authors studied the medical records of 61 adult patients who underwent surgical untethering for spina bifida occulta at three institutions between 1994 and 2003. Patients who had undergone prior myelomeningocele repair or tethered cord release surgery were excluded. The most common intraoperative findings were lipomyelomeningocele (41%) and a tight terminal filum (36%). The follow-up duration ranged from 10.8 to 149.5 months. Of the 34 patients with back pain, status improved in 65%, worsened in 3%, remained unchanged in 18%, and improved and later recurred in 15%. Lower-extremity pain improved in 16 patients (53%), remained unchanged in 23%, improved and then recurred in 17%, and worsened in 7%. Lower-extremity weakness improved in 47%, remained unchanged in 47%, and improved and then recurred in 5%. Finally, of the 17 patients with lower-extremity sensory changes, status improved in 35%, remained unchanged in 35%, and the information on five patients was unavailable. Surgical complications included three wound infections, one cerebrospinal fluid leak, and two pseudomeningoceles requiring surgical revision. One patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis postoperatively and died several days later. Conclusions Adult-age presentation of a congenital tethered cord is unusual. Despite a slight increase in postoperative neurological injury in adults, surgery has relatively low risk and offers good potential for neurological improvement or stabilization. As they do in children, the authors recommend early surgery in adults with this disorder. The decision to undertake surgery, however, should be modulated by other factors such as a patient's general medical condition and risk posed by anesthesia.

scholarly journals THE RÔLE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL MENINGITIS

1932 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caspar G. Burn ◽  
Knox H. Finley
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Pathological Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Subarachnoid Spaces ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Brain

1. When living or dead tubercle bacilli and their products are placed in direct contact with the leptomeninges of hypersensitive (tuberculous) animals, there is a definite clinical and pathological response. 2. The clinical response is characterized by an onset of weakness, twitchings, convulsions and death of the animal within 6 to 12 hours. 3. Histologically the central nervous system shows an extensive polymorphonuclear exudate distributed throughout the subarachnoid spaces of the brain and extending into the perivascular spaces. 4. The intensity of the response is directly proportional to the quantity of visceral tuberculosis or to the dose of tuberculin employed. 5. When small quantities of tuberculin are employed so as to permit the animal to survive longer than 24 hours, there is an exudate found in the sulci and at the base of the brain which is characterized by small lymphocytes. 6. The non-tuberculous animals when inoculated with tuberculin or tubercle bacilli revealed no clinical or pathological response. The tuberculous animals, on the other hand, when inoculated with glycerine broth always responded by a definite but slight polymorphonuclear exudate. 7. The possible relationship of the allergic state to postinfectious complications of the central nervous system is discussed.

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