Correlation of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease with psycological factors: A viscous cycle?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a disorder of the gastro-intestinal tract is often associated with psychological factors such as anxiety and depression. Researchers across the globe are divided in their views about psychological factors being the cause or sequalae of GERD. While some researchers believe that psychiatric disorders contribute to GERD, others suggest that unresolved GERD leads to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Through this article we aim to highlight, that the brain-gut axis acts as a strong link between the central nervous system and Gastrointestinal tract and that there is a likelihood of a viscous cycle of psychological factors leading to symptoms of GERD, and unresolved GERD contributing to further worsening of psychological illnesses. In our opinion, while treating patients for either of the two disorders, history of the other one needs to be excluded and if GERD and psychological illnesses are found to co-exist, the two must be treated simultaneously as the treatment of one maybe incomplete without treatment of the other.

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Does the presence of an eschar correlate with severity of scrub typhus infection?

Indian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/issn.0019-5359.indianjmedsci20170490 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Iqbal Ahmed Atif Shaikh ◽

Paul Prabhakar Abhilash Kundavaram ◽

Shubhanker Mitra ◽

Jonathan Arul Jeevan Jayakaran ◽

Paul Trinity ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Scrub Typhus ◽

Ventilatory Support ◽

Invasive Ventilation ◽

System Involvement ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Gastro Intestinal Tract

Background & Materials and Methods: In scrub typhus (ST) the correlation of disease severity to the presence or absence of eschar is not known. We describe the differences between patients with an eschar and those without. Results: In the 193 patients, 105 (56%) had an eschar. Patients with an eschar had a higher incidence of renal failure (18.1% vs. 5.7%; P = 0.01), respiratory system involvement (30.5% vs. 13.6%; P = 0.01) and cardiovascular system (CVS) involvement (21.9% vs. 10.2%; P = 0.03). Involvement of the central nervous system, hematological system and gastro-intestinal tract were not statistically significant between the two groups. ST patients with an eschar had significantly higher requirement for noninvasive ventilation (9.1% vs. 1.9%; P = 0.04). Requirement of invasive ventilation and inotropic supports were the same in both groups. Conclusion: The presence of an eschar in patients with ST is associated with a higher incidence of renal dysfunction, CVS and respiratory system involvement and a greater requirement of noninvasive ventilatory support.

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The Embryology of the Telencephalic Fibre Systems in the Mouse

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.2.2.87 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 87-100

Author(s):

Bengt Källén

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

The Other ◽

Ventricular Wall ◽

Brain Nuclei ◽

Cell Groups ◽

Nuclear Development ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Brain ◽

High Migration

Bergquist, Källén, and collaborators, in a series of works summarized by Bergquist & Källén (1954) have studied the early ontogenesis of the central nervous system in vertebrates including, among other problems, the development of the brain nuclei. As is apparent from these papers, nuclear development starts from so-called ‘migration areas’, i.e. parts of the ventricular wall with a high migration tendency. From these areas cells migrate either in one or in a number of successive periods, giving rise to migration layers which lie one outside the other. These layers may later become subdivided and in this way form localized cell groups or nuclear anlagen. These studies have also shown that the formation of the nuclei takes place according to a pattern which is very much the same in different vertebrates. The position and the number of migration areas in different brain types is relatively constant.

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Visceral nociception: peripheral and central aspects of visceral nociceptive systems

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1985.0033 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 308 (1136) ◽

pp. 325-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Sympathetic Nerves ◽

Noxious Stimulation ◽

Visceral Sensation ◽

Parasympathetic Nerves ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Specific Receptors ◽

Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽

Stimulation Of

Discomfort and pain are the sensations most commonly evoked from viscera. Most nociceptive signals that originate from visceral organs reach the central nervous system (c.n.s.) via afferent fibres in sympathetic nerves, whereas parasympathetic nerves contain mainly those visceral afferent fibres concerned with the non-sensory aspects of visceral afferent function. Noxious stimulation of viscera activates a variety of specific and non-specific receptors, the vast majority of which are connected to unmyelinated afferent fibres. Studies on the mechanisms of visceral sensation can thus provide information on the more general functions of unmyelinated afferent fibres. Specific visceral nociceptors have been found in the heart, lungs, testes and biliary system, whereas noxious stimulation of the gastro-intestinal tract appears to be detected mainly by non-specific visceral receptors that use an intensity-encoding mechanism.

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Salmonella Typhimurium - associated meningoencephalomyelitis in a foal

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20190008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Jéssica Guerra de Oliveira ◽

Carolina Pantuzza Ramos ◽

Izabela de Assis Rocha ◽

Sóstenes Apolo Correia Marcelino ◽

Felipe Pierezan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Gastrointestinal Disease ◽

Post Mortem ◽

History Of ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Portal Of Entry ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain

ABSTRACT: A 10-day old foal presented with a history of acute recumbency and generalized weakness, that progressed to seizure episodes and death. Post mortem examination revealed necrotizing and purulent omphalophlebitis and fibrinopurulent meningoencephalomyelitis. Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated from the central nervous system and determined to be the cause of the meningoencephalomyelitis. Due to the lack of evidence of gastrointestinal disease, the umbilical cord was considered the most likely portal of entry of the bacteria. The isolated S. Typhimurium was resistant to ampicillin and cephalotin, and partially resistant to enrofloxacin. These drugs are commonly used in the treatment of salmonellosis. This is the first report of S. Typhimurium affecting the brain and spinal cord of a foal. Salmonellosis should be considered a differential diagnosis in foals with neurologic signs, even in the absence of enterocolitis.

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Soportes neurales de las emociones: un acercamiento descriptivo

South Florida Journal of Development ◽

10.46932/sfjdv2n4-045 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 5560-5567

Author(s):

Franyelit Suárez-Carreño

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

The Other ◽

Antisocial Behaviors ◽

Emotional Stimuli ◽

Social Patterns ◽

Social Standard ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Physiological Reactions ◽

The Brain

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de las emociones desde los procesos cognoscitivos cerebrales, tomando en cuenta algunos estudios neurobiológicos experimentales. Se analizan los sistemas sensoriales, las reacciones fisiológicas del sistema nervioso central, y se evalúan los estímulos emocionales. Se evidencia que las expresiones subjetivas y las reacciones físicas de las emociones están condicionadas a los patrones sociales, costumbres familiares y principalmente a estereotipos morales de las personas. Entre las características observadas prevalecen las emociones auto sancionarías y las de empatía con el otro. Finalmente fue posible reconocer que la restricción de las emociones en las personas puede ocasionar conductas psicológicas que perjudican su relación con el entorno. Además, se producen conductas antisociales, falta de comprensión de los sentimientos ajenos, incumplimiento de las reglas, entre otras actividades y estándares sociales. This work presents a review of emotions from the cognitive processes of the brain, taking into account some experimental neurobiological studies. Sensory systems are analyzed, physiological reactions of the central nervous system, and emotional stimuli are evaluated. It is evidenced that subjective expressions and physical reactions of emotions are conditioned to social patterns, family customs and mainly to moral stereotypes of people. Among the observed characteristics, self-sanctioning emotions and those of empathy with the other prevail. Finally, it was possible to recognize that the restriction of emotions in people can cause psychological behaviors that damage their relationship with the environment. In addition, antisocial behaviors occur, lack of understanding of the feelings of others, breach of rules, among other activities and social standard.

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MULTIPLICATION AND SPREAD OF THE VIRUS OF ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS IN MICE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ITS FATE IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.85.6.647 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 85 (6) ◽

pp. 647-662 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

John L. Peck ◽

Albert B. Sabin

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Antiviral Agent ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

Human Beings ◽

Poliomyelitis Virus ◽

Virus Content ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Brain

1. Beginning at 24 hours after intravenous injection of about 10 million intracerebral LD50 of virus there was evidence of simultaneous, progressive multiplication in the brain and intestinal tract. 2. When the virus was introduced directly into the brain or the nasal cavities and mouth, none was found in the intestinal tract until there was general centrifugal spread from the central nervous system during the last stages of the infection at 96 or 120 hours after inoculation when the virus in the entire brain had reached a concentration of about 3 billion LD50. 3. Centrifugal spread began when the virus in the brain reached a concentration of about 400 million LD50 and virus appeared in the pharynx, tongue, and adrenals before it was demonstrable in the intestinal tract, blood, or viscera such as the spleen, liver, and kidneys. 4. Despite the high concentrations of virus which developed in the intestinal tract following intravenous inoculation, it was not demonstrable in the stools, differing in this respect from Theiler's virus in mice and poliomyelitis virus in human beings and monkeys. 5. No antiviral agent was found in the stools, but the urine of normal mice having a pH of 5.6, inactivated large amounts of St. Louis encephalitis virus. 6. There was no evidence of multiplication in the nasal mucosa of mice which succumbed with encephalitis following nasal instillation of the virus, the course of events being comparable in this respect to the behavior of the M.V. poliomyelitis virus in rhesus monkeys. 7. At the terminal stage of infection the virus content per milligram of tissue was as great in the leg muscles as in the sciatic nerves. Since this was also true for the urinary bladder, heart, lungs, and tongue among other tissues, and since the amount in the blood was too negligible to account for it, it would appear that the virus either accumulated in these tissues by diffusion from the nerve fibers, along which it was spreading from the central nervous system, or that it multiplied in some constituent other than the nerve fibers.

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THE RÔLE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL MENINGITIS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.56.2.203 ◽

1932 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 203-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Caspar G. Burn ◽

Knox H. Finley

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Direct Contact ◽

Pathological Response ◽

The Other ◽

Perivascular Spaces ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Subarachnoid Spaces ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Brain

1. When living or dead tubercle bacilli and their products are placed in direct contact with the leptomeninges of hypersensitive (tuberculous) animals, there is a definite clinical and pathological response. 2. The clinical response is characterized by an onset of weakness, twitchings, convulsions and death of the animal within 6 to 12 hours. 3. Histologically the central nervous system shows an extensive polymorphonuclear exudate distributed throughout the subarachnoid spaces of the brain and extending into the perivascular spaces. 4. The intensity of the response is directly proportional to the quantity of visceral tuberculosis or to the dose of tuberculin employed. 5. When small quantities of tuberculin are employed so as to permit the animal to survive longer than 24 hours, there is an exudate found in the sulci and at the base of the brain which is characterized by small lymphocytes. 6. The non-tuberculous animals when inoculated with tuberculin or tubercle bacilli revealed no clinical or pathological response. The tuberculous animals, on the other hand, when inoculated with glycerine broth always responded by a definite but slight polymorphonuclear exudate. 7. The possible relationship of the allergic state to postinfectious complications of the central nervous system is discussed.

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ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.72.1.79 ◽

1940 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 79-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Max Theiler ◽

Sven Gard

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Intestinal Wall ◽

Water Excretion ◽

Animal Organism ◽

Lymph Glands ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Gastro Intestinal Tract

1. In the feces of approximately two-thirds of normal mice 6 weeks of age an agent in all respects similar to the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis can be recovered. 2. In isolated mice, fed on sterile food and water, excretion of virus has been shown to persist up to 53 days after isolation. 3. In normal mice known to be virus carriers virus has been demonstrated in the gastro-intestinal tract but not in the central nervous system, thoracic or abdominal viscera, or any organs of the head. 4. The source of the virus excreted in the feces has been shown to be located in all probability in the intestinal wall. 5. Evidence is presented that the virus can invade the animal organism, as virus has been demonstrated in the mesenteric lymph glands.

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Piccolo male in due gemelle monozigotiche. L'apporto dell'EEG allo studio dell'ereditarietà nell'epilessia

Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae ◽

10.1017/s1120962300020709 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 342-357

Author(s):

V. Pelliccioli ◽

F. Garioni

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Functional Differentiation ◽

The Other ◽

Allo Studio ◽

Left Handed ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Right ◽

The Brain

SUMMARYMonozigotic twin-girls 6 8/12 years old, one right-handed girl and the other left-handed, present petit mal seizures, appeared contemporaneusly when the twin-girls were 5 years old. The Eleccal tracing of petit mal with these troencephalogram shows a typicaracteristics: in the left hemisphere of the right-handed girl and in the right of the left-handed girl there is a preponderance of attivity.One sister of the twis-girls, 8 years old, has a tracing with epilectical activity spike-wawe 3 per second of high voltage; she never had clinical seizures.The mother's, 34 years old, present a tracing on activation, with teta activity 7 per second of low voltage.The tracing of the father, 33 years old, is negative.The tracing of the maternal-grand mother, 67 years old, present on activation, a light dysrithmia in the Pa O. right seat.The AA take from these dates some considerations about the question of the heredity in the Epilepsy and conclude on the base of their researches that they could favour the conception that existe in the epilepsy a functional miopragie of the brain, on hereditary base. These miopragies are, probably, connected with one functional differentiation deficiency of determined structures of the central-nervous-system.

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XXI. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system in vertebrate animals

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rstl.1882.0022 ◽

1882 ◽

Vol 173 ◽

pp. 927-959 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

External Appearance ◽

History Of ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Subject ◽

The Brain

Marcusen has given a very good résumé of the zoological history of this family from the time of their first discovery by Hasselquist, a pupil of Linneus, up to the date of the publication of his paper by the St. Petersburg Academy, and as his treatise is easily accessible there is no occasion for my going into that part of the subject here. The external appearance of these Fishes gives no indication at all of anything extraordinary in the structure of the brain, and as the zoologist above referred to, did not pay much attention to anatomy, more than half a century elapsed before any steps were taken in that direction. One of the species at least was very well known to the ancient Egyptians, to whom it was a sacred animal, and its portrait is even now quite easily distinguishable on some of the monuments.

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