scholarly journals Opętanie i egzorcyzmy w apologetyce wczesnochrześcijańskiej II-III wieku

Vox Patrum ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 87-111
Author(s):  
Mariusz Terka

The article is the attempt to analyze the teaching of early christian apologists about possession and exorcisms in Church. They recognize that possession in the strict sense applies to a human body. By contrast, spiritual enslavement consists in introducing someone into impiety. Evil spirits, after turning away from their Creator, envy people the grace of God and try to take them away from God and to enslave. They claim to be gods and demand sacrifices and a cult. Magic is also the way to enslavement, because the effectiveness of magic is connected with the power of demons. An exorcism is a kind of spiritual fight in which a christian, in the name of Jesus, commands demons and liberates the possessed person. Exorcisms are the manifestation of God’s power, which beats evil spirits and exposes their lies. Although the main reason of the liberation is the power of God’s name, faith and ardent prayer of a possessed person and these who pray for him have also an im­pact on that process. Christians who live in the grace of God are under the care of Christ, so they don’t have to fear demons.

Author(s):  
Matthew D. C. Larsen

What does it mean to read the gospels “before the book”? For centuries, the way people have talked about the gospels has been shaped by ideas that have more to do with the printing press and modern notions of the author than they do with ancient writing and reading practices. Gospels Before the Book challenges several subtle yet problematic assumptions about authors, books, and publication at work in early Christian studies. The author explores a host of underappreciated elements of ancient textual culture, such as unfinished texts, accidental publication, postpublication revision, and multiple authorized versions of the same work. Turning to the gospels, he argues the earliest readers and users of the text we now call the Gospel according to Mark treated it not as a book published by an author but as an unfinished, open, and fluid collection of notes (hypomnēmata). The Gospel according to Matthew, then, would not be regarded as a separate book published by a different author but, rather, as a continuation of the same unfinished gospel tradition. Similarly, it is not the case that, of the five different endings in the textual tradition, one is “right” and the others are “wrong.” Rather, each ending represents its own effort to fill in what some perceived to be lacking in the Gospel according to Mark. The text of the Gospel according to Mark is better understood when approached as unfinished notes than as a book published by an author. Larsen also offers a new methodological framework for future scholarship on early Christian gospels.


2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-134
Author(s):  
Angelika Moskal

Abstract: The shaman figure is most often associated with primitive communities, inhabiting, among others Siberia. The shaman plays one of the most important roles in them - he is an intermediary between the world of people and the world of spirits. Responds to, among others for the safe passage of souls to the other side and protects her from evil spirits. However, is there room for representatives of this institution in contemporary Polish popular literature? How would they find themselves in the 21st century? The article aims to show the interpretation of the shaman on the example of Ida Brzezińska, the heroine of the books of Martyna Raduchowska. I intend to introduce the role and functions of the „shaman from the dead”, juxtaposing the way Ida works (including reading sleepy margins from a rather unusual dream catcher, carrying out souls and the consequences that await in the event of failure or making contact with the dead) with the methods described by scholars shamans. The purpose of the work is to show how much Raduchowska tried to adapt shamanism in her work by modernizing it, and how many elements she added from herself to make the story more attractive.


2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-551
Author(s):  
Laura Levine
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  

Toward the end of the 1628 pamphlet A Briefe Description of the Notorious Life of Iohn Lambe, the pamphleteer describes the violence a crowd inflicts on John Lambe, a cunning man who dabbled in the dark arts. This violence, ultimately fatal, seems to be a response to Lambe's rape of an eleven-year-old child, a rape which he is convicted of but ultimately pardoned for. Earlier in his career, however, Lambe is indicted for using magic to disable the body of a gentleman as well as for invoking evil spirits. What connection exists between the charges against Lambe as a witch and magician and the charges against him as a rapist? This essay argues that long before Lambe gives those around him a basis for violence, he triggers anxieties about what he is, and that these anxieties play a role in the violence against him. The text of A Briefe Description demonstrates the way mechanisms of justice ultimately repeat—reenact and perform—versions of the crimes they seek to examine.


Author(s):  
Cristóbal Pera

ABSTRACTIf the human body is really a fabric, should surgeons be considered architects, as some surgeons describe themselves today? The author raises and analyzes this question, and he concludes that vsurgeons cannot be considered as such: the architect is the creator of his work —fabric or building—, but the surgeon is not the creator of this complex biological fabric —vulnerable and subject to deterioration and with an expiration date— which is the human body. This body is the object upon which his hands and instruments operate. The surgeon cures and heals wounds, immobilizes and aligns fractured bones in order to facilitate their good and timely repair, and cuts open the body’s surface in order to reach its internal organs. He also explores the body with his hands or instruments, destroys and reconstructs its ailing parts, substitutes vital organs taken from a donor’s foreign body, designs devices or prostheses, and replaces body parts, such as arteries and joints, that are damaged or worn out. In today’s culture, dominated by the desire to perfect the body, other surgeons keep retouching its aging façade, looking for an iconic and timeless beauty. This longing can drive, sometimes, to surgical madness. The surgeon is not capable of putting into motion, from scratch, a biological fabric such as the human body. Thus, he can’t create the subject of his work in the way that an architect can create a building. In contrast, the surgeon restores the body’s deteriorated or damaged parts and modifies the appearance of the body’s façade.RESUMEN¿Si el cuerpo humano fuera realmente una fábrica, podría el cirujano ser considerado su arquitecto, como algunos se pregonan en estos tiempos? Esta es la cuestión planteada por el autor y, a tenor de lo discurrido, su respuesta es negativa: porque así como el arquitecto es el artífice de su obra —fábrica o edificio— el cirujano no es el artífice de la complejísima fábrica biológica —vulnerable, deteriorable y caducable— que es el cuerpo humano, la cual le es dada como objeto de las acciones de sus manos y de sus instrumentos. El cirujano cura y restaña sus heridas, alinea e inmoviliza sus huesos fracturados para que su reparación llegue a buen término, penetra por sus orificios naturales o dibuja sobre la superficie corporal incisiones que le permitan llegar a sus entrañas, las explora con sus manos o mediante instrumentos, destruye y reconstruye sus partes enfermas, sustituye órganos vitales que no le ayudan a vivir por los extraídos de cuerpos donantes, y concibe, diseña y hace fabricar artefactos o prótesis, como recambio fragmentos corporales deteriorados o desgastados, como arterias o articulaciones. Otros cirujanos, en la predominante cultura de la modificación del cuerpo, retocan una y otra vez su fachada envejecida ineludiblemente por el paso del tiempo, empeñados en la búsqueda incesante de una belleza icónica y mediática e intemporal, una pretensión que puede conducir, y a veces conduce, al desvarío quirúrgico. En definitiva, el cirujano es incapaz de poner de pie, ex novo, una fábrica biológica como la del cuerpo humano y, por lo tanto, no puede ser su artífice, como lo es el arquitecto de su edificio. A lo sumo, es el restaurador de sus entrañas deterioradas y el modificador de su fachada, de su apariencia.


2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
Roberta Mazza

This article provides a methodological introduction to the issues and questions raised in the dossier: How can we attribute a date to ancient papyri when it is not indicated in the text? What methods have been employed so far for dating and how reliable are they? What kind of conscious and unconscious biases underpin the attribution of a date to Christian papyri in particular? Is scientific analysis a more reliable means than palaeography to establish the age of composition of an ancient text? After discussing some research performed on papyri from the Rylands collection, bearing early Christian texts, the author addresses some of the strengths and pitfalls of any of the methods currently available, ranging from palaeography to radiocarbon dating and Raman spectroscopy. In conclusion, it is argued that more clarity and transparency are needed in the way motivations for attributing a date to a fragment are provided in academic publications and that only a multidisciplinary approach can partially overcome the problems at stake.


2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syafiq Noor Azizi ◽  
Azahari Salleh ◽  
Adib Othman ◽  
Nor Azlan Mohd Aris ◽  
Najmiah Radiah Mohamad

In modern telemedicine systems the physiological data of patients can be measured with the aid of electronic sensors located on and inside the human body. The collected medical data is then transmitted wirelessly to an external unit for processing, thereby enhancing the health monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy of the patients. In biomedical application, the process requires transmitting data, images and videos from inside the body taken by a radio system of a size of a pill seems to be the way. The use of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in various areas like medical application has arisen the electromagnetic radiation problem. The services provided by this type of application can cause either good or bad effects on human body depending on the power level, frequency and the way it being used. The implant antenna with ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency will be used by inserting it into the nerve of human arm in term of homogenous model. Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a wireless technology that potential applications in variety of medical areas such as implant wireless sensors, microwave hyperthermia, imaging and radar. It can transmit digital data over a wide frequency spectrum with very low power and at very high data rates. Hence, this paper present the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation effect on electrical nerve fiber of human arm model with the presence of other human tissues such as fat, muscle, skin and etc. at ultra-wideband frequency which is expected to improve the understanding of radio propagation inside human body hence contribute to more advance and innovative medical implants. CST Microwave Studio is one of the EM modeling code which can be used for bio electromagnetic purpose.


Author(s):  
Alexander H. Pierce

Abstract In the late 380 s, Ambrose of Milan preached nine Lenten homilies on the “six days” of Genesis 1. Basil of Caesarea’s Homiliae in Hexaemeron (ca. 378) has long been recognized as a source for Ambrose. To study Ambrose’s reception of Basil is, however, complicated by Ambrose’s familiarity with other early Christian thinkers, as is attested by Jerome’s assertion in Epistula 84,7 that “Ambrose also compiled from his [Origen’s] Hexaemeron, in such a way that he conforms more nearly to the thoughts of Hippolytus and Basil.” Jerome’s sweeping judgment, whether or not we should take it at face value, suggests that Ambrose in some way borrowed from Origen while claiming the authority of Hippolytus and Basil. In an attempt to consider the reliability of Jerome’s testimony, this article considers the extent to which Jerome’s depiction of Ambrose’s use of Origen and Basil can be validated by looking more closely at the way their respective views of the nature, origin, and relation of spiritual and material creation arise out of their exegesis of Genesis. Attending to the legacy of Origen in Basil and Ambrose enhances our understanding of Ambrose’s subtle and selective use of the theological and interpretive traditions of earlier Christianity.


1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-294
Author(s):  
Harry Sawyerr

In 1932, Professor Dodd published in the Expository Times an article on ‘The Order of Events in St. Mark's Gospel' which broke fresh ground in the Study of that Gospel. Dr Dodd then stated that in planning the first ten chapters St. Mark had a skeleton outline of our Lord's earthly career which he broke up into what now stand as editorial summaries. This outline he suggested was in the nature of a summary of the kerygma and approximated to the Petrine speech of Acts 10.37–41 or the Pauline speech in Acts 13.23–31. Into this outline were inserted the pericopae Mark collected sometimes on a historical, and at other times on a topical basis. This hypothesis held the field for a considerable time but it has recently been questioned by Professor Nineham in an examination of Dr Dodd's hypothesis in his contribution to Studies in the Gospels published in 1955. Indeed Professor Nineham takes the line that the presupposition of such a skeleton outline of our Lord's ministry which Mark used in the way Dr Dodd suggests is ‘highly improbable’.1 He questions the probability of such an outline having been preserved by the early Church. Referring to the changes in the Marcan pattern which both Matthew and Luke felt free to introduce when using St. Mark's Gospel as a basis, and to the difference in outlook between St. John's Gospel and the Synoptics, he concludes: ‘It does not appear that the precise order in which the saving events occurred seemed to the early Christian mind a very vital element in the saving proclamation or kerygma.'2 Professor Nineham is of course prepared to admit that the Passion narrative is in a class by itself and does not appear to question the accepted opinions of scholars that it was an early compilation of the primitive Church. But he rightly contends that there is no cogent evidence that the Church quite early agreed on ‘a formal outline account of the progress of the Lord's earthly ministry’.3


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