scholarly journals Dating Early Christian Papyri: Old and New Methods – Introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
Roberta Mazza
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Ancient Text ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Academic Publications ◽  
The Way

This article provides a methodological introduction to the issues and questions raised in the dossier: How can we attribute a date to ancient papyri when it is not indicated in the text? What methods have been employed so far for dating and how reliable are they? What kind of conscious and unconscious biases underpin the attribution of a date to Christian papyri in particular? Is scientific analysis a more reliable means than palaeography to establish the age of composition of an ancient text? After discussing some research performed on papyri from the Rylands collection, bearing early Christian texts, the author addresses some of the strengths and pitfalls of any of the methods currently available, ranging from palaeography to radiocarbon dating and Raman spectroscopy. In conclusion, it is argued that more clarity and transparency are needed in the way motivations for attributing a date to a fragment are provided in academic publications and that only a multidisciplinary approach can partially overcome the problems at stake.

Gospels before the Book

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. C. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Printing Press ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Reading Practices ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Textual Tradition ◽  
Textual Culture ◽  
Early Christian Studies ◽  
The Way

What does it mean to read the gospels “before the book”? For centuries, the way people have talked about the gospels has been shaped by ideas that have more to do with the printing press and modern notions of the author than they do with ancient writing and reading practices. Gospels Before the Book challenges several subtle yet problematic assumptions about authors, books, and publication at work in early Christian studies. The author explores a host of underappreciated elements of ancient textual culture, such as unfinished texts, accidental publication, postpublication revision, and multiple authorized versions of the same work. Turning to the gospels, he argues the earliest readers and users of the text we now call the Gospel according to Mark treated it not as a book published by an author but as an unfinished, open, and fluid collection of notes (hypomnēmata). The Gospel according to Matthew, then, would not be regarded as a separate book published by a different author but, rather, as a continuation of the same unfinished gospel tradition. Similarly, it is not the case that, of the five different endings in the textual tradition, one is “right” and the others are “wrong.” Rather, each ending represents its own effort to fill in what some perceived to be lacking in the Gospel according to Mark. The text of the Gospel according to Mark is better understood when approached as unfinished notes than as a book published by an author. Larsen also offers a new methodological framework for future scholarship on early Christian gospels.

scholarly journals Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Pantelis Linardatos ◽  
Vasilis Papastefanopoulos ◽  
Sotiris Kotsiantis
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Industrial Adoption ◽  
Machine Learning Models ◽  
The Way

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to its widespread industrial adoption, with machine learning systems demonstrating superhuman performance in a significant number of tasks. However, this surge in performance, has often been achieved through increased model complexity, turning such systems into “black box” approaches and causing uncertainty regarding the way they operate and, ultimately, the way that they come to decisions. This ambiguity has made it problematic for machine learning systems to be adopted in sensitive yet critical domains, where their value could be immense, such as healthcare. As a result, scientific interest in the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), a field that is concerned with the development of new methods that explain and interpret machine learning models, has been tremendously reignited over recent years. This study focuses on machine learning interpretability methods; more specifically, a literature review and taxonomy of these methods are presented, as well as links to their programming implementations, in the hope that this survey would serve as a reference point for both theorists and practitioners.

Empty Shelves on the Palatine

1993 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Horsfall
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Cross Fertilization ◽  
The Way

The way we study Augustus’ Rome has been changing dramatically: I do not mean so much new discoveries of monuments or inscriptions, exciting though they have been, as the new-found disposition of archaeologists, art-historians, epigraphists, and Latinists to talk to each other and to admit cross-fertilization into their work; this spirit of co-operation has engendered a large bibliography, and one only regrets that the sort of multidisciplinary approach that was self-evident to the best Hellenists in Germany 150 years ago has been so painfully slow in reaching Latin studies!

Raman Spectra of Ion Implanted Graphite

1981 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Elman ◽  
H. Mazurek ◽  
M.S. Dresselhaus ◽  
G. Dresselhaus
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Annealing Process ◽  
Lattice Order ◽  
Annealing Temperatures ◽  
High Fluences ◽  
Lattice Damage ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTRaman spectroscopy is used in a variety of ways to monitor different aspects of the lattice damage caused by ion implantation into graphite. Particular attention is given to the use of Raman spectroscopy to monitor the restoration of lattice order by the annealing process, which depends critically on the annealing temperature and on the extent of the original lattice damage. At low fluences the highly disordered region is localized in the implanted region and relatively low annealing temperatures are required, compared with the implantation at high fluences where the highly disordered region extends all the way to the surface. At high fluences, annealing temperatures comparable to those required for the graphitization of carbons are necessary to fully restore lattice order.

E-learning in postgraduate urology training: a Covid-19 pandemic experience

2022 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mudassir Hussain ◽  
Abdul Khalique ◽  
Pardeep Kumar ◽  
Asad Shehzad Hassan ◽  
Altaf Hashmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Online Resources ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Online Lectures ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Online Tests ◽  
The Way

Since the declaration of a COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 teaching institutions started the process of adjusting to the new challenge. Medical education could not be imparted the way it used to be and some new methods had to be taken to adapt to the pandemic. At our institute, each week two lectures were recorded and later uploaded on the Youtube Channel and shared with students. This was followed by an MCQs based test using Google forms. Ten lectures were delivered in 5 weeks to 55 participants.  Majority of residents agreed that this activity increased their knowledge of the subject and opted to continue it in future.  With help of short online lectures (< 30 mins) and short online tests (5 MCQs), the learning experience of residents can be enhanced. In future, more online resources can be used to incorporate this method of teaching. 

scholarly journals Building Eminence through Evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Horgan
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Front Line ◽  
New Developments ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

With modern-day medicine going the way it is - new developments, great science, the advent of personalised medicine and more - there's little doubt that healthcare can move in the right direction if everything is put in place to allow it to do so. But in many areas progress is being halted. Or at the very least slowed. Like it or not, many front-line healthcare professionals still do things the way they did things three decades ago, and are reluctant to adapt to new methods (assuming they are aware of them). Evidence exists that today's rapidly developing new medicines and treatments can positively influence healthcare in modern-day Europe, but a gap in education (also applying to patients and politicians), often exacerbated by “fake news” on the internet, is hampering uptake of new and often better methods, while even causing doubts about vaccines. More understanding at every level will inevitably lead to swifter integration of innovation into the healthcare systems of Europe. The time to look, listen and learn has come.

scholarly journals An Approach to Efficient Dictionary Utilization and Improved Data Compression Technique for LZW Algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-229
Keyword(s):  
Data Compression ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Compression Algorithm ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Compression Technique ◽  
Data Set ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Lzw Algorithm ◽  
The Way

This paper proposes an improved data compression technique compared to existing Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) algorithm. LZW is a dictionary-updation based compression technique which stores elements from the data in the form of codes and uses them when those strings recur again. When the dictionary gets full, every element in the dictionary are removed in order to update dictionary with new entry. Therefore, the conventional method doesn’t consider frequently used strings and removes all the entry. This method is not an effective compression when the data to be compressed are large and when there are more frequently occurring string. This paper presents two new methods which are an improvement for the existing LZW compression algorithm. In this method, when the dictionary gets full, the elements that haven’t been used earlier are removed rather than removing every element of the dictionary which happens in the existing LZW algorithm. This is achieved by adding a flag to every element of the dictionary. Whenever an element is used the flag is set high. Thus, when the dictionary gets full, the dictionary entries where the flag was set high are kept and others are discarded. In the first method, the entries are discarded abruptly, whereas in the second method the unused elements are removed once at a time. Therefore, the second method gives enough time for the nascent elements of the dictionary. These techniques all fetch similar results when data set is small. This happens due to the fact that difference in the way they handle the dictionary when it’s full. Thus these improvements fetch better results only when a relatively large data is used. When all the three techniques' models were used to compare a data set with yields best case scenario, the compression ratios of conventional LZW is small compared to improved LZW method-1 and which in turn is small compared to improved LZW method-2.

Family Formation and Parenthood

2020 ◽  
pp. 220-254
Author(s):  
Claire Fenton-Glynn
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Reproductive Techniques ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

This chapter examines the interpretation of ‘family life’ under Article 8 and the way that this has evolved throughout the Court’s history. It contrasts the approach of the Court to ‘family life’ between children and mothers, with ‘family life’ between fathers and children, noting the focus of the Court on function over form. It then turns to the establishment of parenthood, both in terms of maternity and paternity, as well as the right of the child to establish information concerning their origins. Finally, the chapter examines the changing face of the family, considering new family forms, including same-sex couples and transgender parents, as well as new methods of reproduction, such as artificial reproductive techniques and surrogacy.

Peripersonal space

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
Frédérique de Vignemont ◽  
Andrea Serino ◽  
Hong Yu Wong ◽  
Alessandro Farnè
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Peripersonal Space ◽  
Impact Prediction ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Social ◽  
Affective Perception ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

Research in cognitive neuroscience indicates that we process the space surrounding our body in a specific way, both for protecting our body from immediate danger and for interacting with the environment. This research has direct implications for philosophical issues as diverse as self-location, sensorimotor theories of perception, and affective perception. This chapter briefly describes the overall directions that some of these discussions might take. But, beforehand, it is important to fully grasp what the notion of peripersonal space involves. One of the most difficult questions that the field has had to face these past 30 years is to define peripersonal space. Although it bears some relations to the social notion of personal space, to the sensorimotor notion of reaching space and to the spatial notion of egocentric space, there is something unique about peripersonal space and the special way we represent it. One of the main challenges is thus to offer a satisfactory definition of peripersonal space that is specific enough to account for its peculiar spatial, multisensory, plastic, and motor properties. Emphasis can be put on perception or on action, but also on impact prediction or defence preparation. However, each new definition brings with it new methods to experimentally investigate peripersonal space. There is then the risk of losing the unity of the notion of peripersonal space within this multiplicity of conceptions and methods. This chapter offers an overview of the key notions in the field, the way they have been operationalized, and the questions they leave open.

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