Histological Study on the Oesophagus and Crop in Various Species of Wild Bird

The histology of the oesophagus and crop was studied in six species of birds: Rock Dove, Collared Dove, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Kestrel, House Sparrow and Linnet. In species, the epithelium of oesophagus and crop was a keratinised stratified squamous. The lamina propria was a loose connective tissue containing glands. Glands were either purely mucous or seromucous (mixed). In the rock dove, rose-ringed parakeet and collared dove, there were no glands either in the cervical part of oesophagus or in the crop. There were differences in the histochemistry of glands’ secretions. The muscularis mucosa was present as a thick layer of smooth muscle fibres. The tunica submucosa was a loose connective tissue containing vessels and nerves. The tunica muscularis consisted of smooth muscle and was surrounded by the tunica adventitia at the cervical part of the oesophagus and crop, and by the tunica serosa at the thoracic part of the oesophagus.

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Alteration of the brood pouch morphology during gestation of male seahorses, Hippocampus kuda

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf05112 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 497 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Parichart Laksanawimol ◽

Praneet Damrongphol ◽

Maleeya Kruatrachue

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Muscle Layer ◽

Brood Pouch ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Tissue Layer ◽

Loose Connective Tissue ◽

Connective Tissue Layer ◽

Normal Stage

The brood pouch of seahorses can be divided into four sequential stages based on the characteristics of the altered tissue layers during gestation: the normal stage, the embryo-carrying stage, the embryo-release stage and the repair stage. The brood pouch is composed of a folded inner pseudostratified columnar epithelium and a smooth outer stratified cuboidal epithelium. Three tissue layers between the inner and the outer epithelia are an inner loose connective tissue layer, a middle smooth muscle layer and an outer dense irregular connective tissue layer. In the normal stage, the inner loose connective tissue layer is thick and vascularised with small blood vessels; the muscle layer consists of scattered unorganised muscle fibres. In the embryo-carrying stage, the inner epithelial and inner loose connective tissue layers become distended and highly vascularised with enlarged blood vessels. In the embryo-release stage, the inner loose connective tissue layer is extensively vascularised with very large blood vessels and the smooth muscle fibres invade the outer dense irregular connective tissue layer. Structures altered during gestation gradually resume their normal condition in the repair stage. Extensive vascularisation of the brood pouch during gestation suggests an intricate paternal–embryo relationship implying other significant roles besides protective function of the pouch.

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The Histology of the Trachea in Dogs

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities ◽

10.34293/sijash.v7i4.1634 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 80-83

Author(s):

S Rajathi

Keyword(s):

Connective Tissue ◽

Hyaline Cartilage ◽

Muscularis Mucosa ◽

Basal Cells ◽

Submucosal Gland ◽

Tracheal Mucosa ◽

Loose Connective Tissue ◽

Tunica Adventitia ◽

Veterinary Pathology ◽

Trachealis Muscle

The trachea was collected from apparently normal six adult dogs of spitz breed aged between 2-4 years of age from the post-mortem of the Veterinary Pathology department. The aim of the study was to observe the histological details of the trachea in the spitz breed of dogs. The tracheal wall consisted of the mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and adventitia. Tracheal mucosa was lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous secreting goblet cell and basal cells. Lamina propria was made up of loose connective tissue and contained some alveolar mucous glands. Muscularis mucosa was a thin layer with smooth muscle fibers arranged in a dispersed manner. The submucosa contained loose connective tissue with numerous mucous secreting tubule – acinar submucosal gland and was found related to the perichondrium of cartilaginous rings. The dense fibroelastic tissue was found between the cartilaginous rings. The cartilaginous rings were flattened in cross-section. Thin tunica adventitia of loose connective tissue and covered the cartilaginous rings. Trachealis muscle was found.

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STUDY ON POSTNATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CROP AND PROVENTRICULUS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT OF BROILER

Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjvm.v16i1.37367 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 7-11

Author(s):

K. Akter ◽

M. T. Mussa ◽

M. A. Sayeed ◽

M. A. Hai ◽

M. M. Uddin

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Histological Study ◽

Age Groups ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Columnar Epithelium ◽

Loose Connective Tissue ◽

Tunica Muscularis

The experiment was carried out to investigate postnatal growth and development of crop and proventriculus of digestive tract of broiler. Total 45 (“Cobb-500”) chickens of three age groups like day 1(D1), day14 (D14), day 28 (D28) were used each group containing fifteen chickens. All birds were slaughtered after respective days then crop and proventriculus were collected. Total length, diameter and weight were determined by “slide calipers” and electronic balance. Then the samples were processed and stained with H and E stain for histological study. The length (cm), diameter (cm) and weight (gm) of crop and proventriculus were increased gradually with the age where highest at 28 and lowest at day 1. Number of mucosal folds of crop was highest at 1 and lowest at day 28. The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of crop was thickest at day 28. Submucosa contains thin loose connective tissue. Tunica muscularis contains thick inner circular and thinner outer longitudinal smooth muscle and externally covered by adventitia. The mucosa of the proventriculus has macroscopic papillae with numerous folds and lined by simple columnar epithelium. Submucosal glands are lined by simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium. Lamina propria contains loose connective tissue and muscularis contains scattered bundles of smooth muscle. Tunica muscularis consists of smooth muscle and externally covered by serosa.

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A Comparative Histological Study of the Tube-feet of two Regular Echinoids

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s3-102.58.157 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol s3-102 (58) ◽

pp. 157-180

Author(s):

DAVID NICHOLS

Keyword(s):

Connective Tissue ◽

Respiratory Function ◽

Histological Study ◽

Disk Surface ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

Sensory Cells ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Connective Tissue Sheath ◽

Tube Feet

The histology of the suckered and peristomial tube-feet of the two regular echinoids Cidaris cidaris (Cidaroida) and Echinus esculentus (Diadematoida) is described; of these orders the Cidaroida is the more primitive. The suckered tube-feet of both urchins have a connective-tissue sheath the fibres of which branch extensively before inserting at the disk, and in which are embedded numerous spicules, enlarged distally to form a supporting skeleton of the disk. A series of levator muscles, separate from the retractors of the stem, raise the centre of the disk during adhesion, and this activity also probably squeezes mucus from a series of glands opening at the disk surface. In Cidaris a second series of glands, goblet cells in the disk epithelium, are operated by special short muscle-fibres running between them; these cells and the muscles are absent in Echinus. In Cidaris sensory cells are apparently scattered over the entire disk surface, whereas in Echinus they appear to be mainly concentrated in a ring round the disk periphery. The peristomial tube-feet of both urchins are not suckered; the levator muscles are absent, and the disk, supported by a less complex calcareous skeleton, contains mainly sensory cells and mucous glands. The possible derivation of the diadematoid, clypeasteroid, and spatangoid tube-foot plans from that of the cidaroid is discussed. The differences in ornamentation of the regions of the test which bear the tube-feet are discussed functionally, the main conclusion being that a tube-foot whose activity is at all angles to the test requires a wider base than one whose activity is mainly perpendicular; this is shown to be the case in spatangoids also. A respiratory function for Stewart's organs in the Cidaroida is suggested.

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The Ultrastructure of the Human Bronchial Submucosa

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100100068 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 64-65

Author(s):

G. L. Brinkman ◽

N. Brooks ◽

V. Bryant

Keyword(s):

Connective Tissue ◽

Basement Membrane ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Thick Layer ◽

Cigarette Smoker ◽

Loose Connective Tissue ◽

Reticular Fibers ◽

Mucosal Cells ◽

Clinical Interest ◽

Light Density

Up until now the only clinical interest in the human submucosa has centered around the hypertrophy of the mucous secreting glands in patients with chronic cough and sputum. Besides this function, the submucosa, which is a loose connective tissue, provides mechanical and functional support for the mucosa and also contains numerous cells whose contribution to bronchial physiology is not yet fully understood.The mucosa is separated from the submucosa by the basement membrane, which is a thin, amorphous sheet between these two tissues. Auerbach has reported budding of the mucosal cells into the basement membrane in cigarette smoking dogs; a similar finding is shown in Figure 1 in a human cigarette smoker. Immediately beneath the basement membrane is a collection of reticular fibers which vary from being a thin layer of light density to a dense, thick layer of fibers. The reticular fibers are smaller, shorter and thinner than collagen fibers, and always single.

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Effects of age on growth and development of vagina in ISA Brown chickens

Bangladesh Veterinarian ◽

10.3329/bvet.v28i2.10676 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 75-79

Author(s):

K. A. Ferdous ◽

M. N. H. Parvez ◽

M. T. Rahman

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Columnar Epithelium ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Adult Bird ◽

Tissue Layer ◽

Connective Tissue Layer ◽

Mucosal Folds

Structure and postnatal development of vagina in 21 ISA brown chickens was studied at three, 23 and 46 weeks of age. At 3 weeks of age the vagina was narrower and thicker then the uterus. The undifferentiated wall of vagina consisted of low primary mucosal folds lined by simple columnar epithelium to a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and a connective tissue layer underneath. At three weeks of age, scattered smooth muscle fibres were in the subepithelial connective tissue layer. Rapid structural changes occurred at 23 weeks of age in the adult bird, mucosal folds were narrowed and tongue-shaped. Lamina propia was devoid of glands and contained lymphocytes. Tunica muscularis was well developed at 23 and 46 weeks.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v28i2.10676Bangl. vet. 2011. Vol. 28, No. 2, 75 79

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Morphology of glandular stomach (Ventriculus glandularis) and muscular stomach (Ventriculus muscularis) of the partrigde Rhynchotus rufescens

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84782005000600014 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 1319-1324 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Juliana Regina Rossi ◽

Silvana Martinez Baraldi-Artoni ◽

Daniela Oliveira ◽

Claudinei da Cruz ◽

Vanessa Sobue Franzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Histological Study ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Muscle Layer ◽

Glandular Stomach ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Morphologic Study ◽

Simple Cubic ◽

Columnar Cells

Twenty adult partridges Rhynchotus rufescens were used for morphologic and histological study. The materials destined to the morphologic study were collected and the lengths of the glandular stomach and of the muscular stomach were measured. For the histological study, fragments of the glandular stomach (gastric proventriculus, Ventriculus glandularis) and of the muscular stomach (gastric ventriculus, Ventriculus muscularis) were stained routinely with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s trichrome stain. Glandular stomach is prolonged, with a fusiform format toward craniocaudalis and for the left. It presents a mean length of 3.20cm in the females and 3.65cm in the males. Gastric proventriculus is composed by several lobes and glands. The mucosa is formed by a simple cubic epithelium, which is much folded. Muscular stomach has the format of a biconvex lens, with 4.30cm and 4.35cm of mean length for the females and male, respectively. The mucosa is formed by folds lined by columnar cells and the mucus that forms the cuticula. There are crypts in the base of the folds. Closely, there is a lamina propria and a thick smooth muscle layer, which is placed according to the format of the organ. A dense portion of connective tissue constitutes the serosa, mixed by some smooth muscle cells.

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