Macro and Micro Anatomical Observation on the Testes of Local Dog (Canis lupusfamiliaris) of Assam

Background: The study on testes of local dog of Assam is of great value in regard to germplasm conservation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gross and histomorphological examination of testes of male reproductive system. Methods: The testes were collected at the time of castration from Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapra, Guwahati, Assam, India. The research was carried out for a period of one year in Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam. Then gross anatomical studies were made on it and the tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and were processed as per the standard technique of procedure (Luna, 1968). The paraffin blocks were sectioned in Shandon Finesse microtome at 5 µm thickness and the sections were stained with Mayer’s Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique for Cellular details as per the method of Luna (1968). Result: Grossly, the testes of local dog consisted of two surface viz., lateral and medial and two ends i.e. upper end and lower end. The upper end of the testes was occupied by the head of the epididymis and the lower end of the testes was occupied by the tail of the epididymis. Mediastinum testis was observed in the centre of testes of local dog. Histologically, the testes were covered by serous layer (Tunica vaginalis), connective tissue layer (Tunica albugenia) and vascular layer (Tunica vasculosa) from outside to inwards. Spermatogenic cells like spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa, and sertoli cells were observed in seminiferous tubules. The sertoli cells were attached to the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. Cluster of Leyding cells were found between the semineniferous tubules and it contained large spherical nuclei. The epididymides were lined by pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Traumatic Bone Cyst in the Mandibular Symphysis : Case Reports

Traumatic bone cyst (TBC) is an asymptomatic lesion seen most in adolescents. TBC is found incidentally on routine panoramic examinations and appears as a relatively well-demarcated unilocular radiolucency with scalloped margins. Histological examination reveals a vacant cavity of cancellous bone usually unlined or very occasionally lined with a thin connective tissue layer. The lack of lining epithelial membrane is common histological feature. The most affected site is between the mandibular canine and third molar. The involvement of the mandibular symphysis is rare. The etiopathogenesis of the TBC is unclear. TBC is treated with surgical exploration and curettage; new bone is formed in place of the lesion within 6 - 12 months of surgery. Diagnosis of TBC prior to surgical intervention has limitations in most of the cases. Both of our patients were diagnosed through radiological examination and biopsy. Neither patient had a history of trauma. After surgery, the panoramic radiograph and CBCT were used to confirm bone healing.

Furnishing Wound Repair by the Subcutaneous Fascia

Mammals rapidly heal wounds through fibrous connective tissue build up and tissue contraction. Recent findings from mouse attribute wound healing to physical mobilization of a fibroelastic connective tissue layer that resides beneath the skin, termed subcutaneous fascia or superficial fascia, into sites of injury. Fascial mobilization assembles diverse cell types and matrix components needed for rapid wound repair. These observations suggest that the factors directly affecting fascial mobility are responsible for chronic skin wounds and excessive skin scarring. In this review, we discuss the link between the fascia’s unique tissue anatomy, composition, biomechanical, and rheologic properties to its ability to mobilize its tissue assemblage. Fascia is thus at the forefront of tissue pathology and a better understanding of how it is mobilized may crystallize our view of wound healing alterations during aging, diabetes, and fibrous disease and create novel therapeutic strategies for wound repair.

Effects of Dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae YFI-SC2 on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Immune Parameters, Intestinal Microbiota, and Disease Resistance of Crayfish (Procambarus clarkia)

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YFI-SC2 on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune parameters, intestinal microbiota, and disease resistance of crayfish (Procambarus clarkia). Crayfish were randomly assigned to six different boxes and two different groups in triplicate. The control group received a basal diet and the treatment group received a diet containing S. cerevisiae at 107 CFU/g. After feeding for 28 days, crayfish of the treatment group exhibited a significantly better weight gain ratio (WGR) and a specific growth rate (SGR) (p < 0.05) than crayfish of the control group. Compared to the treatment group, the control group intestines showed an oedema connective tissue layer and a weak muscle layer. For immune-related genes, Crustin2 expression was similar between the groups, whereas Lysozyme and prophenoloxidase from treatment group expression levels were upregulated significantly (p < 0.05) after 14 and 28 days of feeding. Prophenoloxidase showed the highest expression, with 10.5- and 8.2-fold higher expression than in the control group at 14 and 28 days, respectively. The intestinal microbiota community structure was markedly different between the two groups. After 14 and 28 days of feeding, the relative abundance of Cetobacterium and Lactobacillus increased, whereas Citrobacter and Bacteroides decreased in the treatment group compared with that of the control group. The challenge test showed that crayfish of the treatment group had a significantly enhanced resistance against Citrobacter freundii (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that a S. cerevisiae-containing diet positively influenced the health status, immune parameters, intestinal microbiota composition, and disease resistance of crayfish.

Histo-morphology of genitalia in crossbred dairy cows with kinked cervix

The study was conducted on genitalia collected from 100 dairy cows/heifers from the Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy. The animals brought for slaughter at Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy were from herds of five different farms (University and Government Undertaking farms) in Kerala state. This included six animals culled on account of factors other than infertility with normal reproductive system (control group) and the remaining animals with a known history of infertility. In total, seven animals showed kinked cervix condition. Cervix was evaluated morphometrically and histologically. Grossly, the cervix was hard, kinked and S-shaped, with a mean length of 9.64 ± 1.19 cm. Average number of annular rings in the cervical canal was 4.14 ± 0.26 with an average diameter of 1.74 ± 0.18 cm. At the external os, diameter of the cervix was less, while at the uterine end, diameter was more. The opening of each cervical ring showed a misalignment instead of a straight line. Histologically, the cervix was lined by simple columnar epithelium with signs of degeneration and desquamation. However, the submucosal layer was extensively infiltrated by collagen fibres. In uterus, there was a significant difference in the number of endometrial glands and height of the glandular epithelial cells which was less when compared to the control group. Muscular layer outer to connective tissue layer was thin and uneven. Alterations of the glandular structures negatively influence the viability of spermatozoa due to the lack of secretory products. This fibrous, collagen rich kinked cervix limits the smooth deposition of the semen into the uterus during artificial insemination and the insufficiently dilated cervix affects its contractibility leading to dystocia and subfertility.

Morphology, Morphometry and Histogenesis of the Prenatal Dromedary (Camelus Dromedarius) Spleen

Prenatal gross morphologic, morphometric and histologic developmental features of the dromedary spleen were studied. The dromedary gestation period (13 months) was categorized into four (1-4) phases and ten developing spleens per growth phase were sampled. Splenic topographical anatomy was noted before being eviscerated from each foetus. Morphologic and morphometric features of the eviscerated spleens were immediately documented and 2 – 4 mm thick samples were collected for histological analysis. The developing spleen was dark brown in colour, semilunar shaped and significantly increased (p<0.05) in size and weight across the four phases of prenatal development. The full-term dromedary spleen was observed to have unique histological features. Its capsule had an inner smooth muscle and an outer predominant connective tissue layer. The pumping of stored blood from the muscular capsule and trabeculae was proportionate to the body’s requirement. The splenic venous return was characterized by blood flow from the red pulp (venous sinusoids) to the peritrabecular sinuses, subcapsular sinuses and finally to the splenic veins. The dromedary has a sinusal type of spleen and has both open and closed types of circulation. The presence of closed circulation and absence of marginal sinus could be the reason for dromedary main health problems of blood parasites; Trypanosoma evansi. It was concluded that most of the salient features of the postnatal spleen were already evident in the first growth phase and became developed by the second phase. Other growth phases were mainly characterized by increase in sizes.

ПАТОМОРФОЛОГІЯ ПІДШЛУНКОВОЇ ЗАЛОЗИ СОБАК ЗА ХРОНІЧНОГО ПАНКРЕАТИТУ

On the basis of morphological, pathologoanatomic, histological and morphometric researches, the morphological structure of clinically healthy dog's pancreas and at chronic pancreatitis were determined in the article. Having used morphometric researches were found that the absolute mass of dog's pancreas at chronic pancreatitis towards clinically healthy dogs, increased for 1,28 times from 29.3 ± 3.0 g in healthy animals to 38.33 ± 7.02 g in ill ones. The relative weight of organ increased in 1.19 times and was 0.19 ± 0.04 % in comparison with the control 0.16 ± 0.03%.Owing to the histological researches, was found the structure breach of pancreatocites. In acinar cells, cytoplasm zoning did not occur, pancreatocites poorly perceived coloration and contained inclusions in the form of drops. The kariolisis cores was present. In Pancreatic islets focal hemorrhage were observed as well as the destruction of endocrine cells. Inter particle connective tissue layer were thickened and in organ's glandular tissue were presented bands that penetrate and branch in depth of a particle. It was determined on the basis of morphometric researches that the value of pancreacites and their nuclei in ill animals truly (р < 0,05) increases and was namely 455.51 ± 33.24 та 54.90 ± 7.24 mcm3 (in clinically healthy ones namely – 356.06 ± 11.37 та 33.69 ± 1.62 mcm3). The nucleus cytoplasm relation of pancreacites of pancreas in dogs at chronic pancreatitis towards the relation to clinically healthy dogs, increased for 1.44 times and was 0.177 ± 0.04. In dogs of the control group such indicator was 0.123 ± 0.001.

Impact of eyestalk ablation on androgenic gland activity in the freshwater crab Travancoriana schirnerae Bott, 1969 (Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae)

The current study investigated the impact of eyestalk ablation on androgenic gland activity in the freshwater crab Travancoriana schirnerae Bott, 1969 (Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae). Bilateral eyestalk ablation during active phase (March-June) induced hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the gland as evidenced by increased width of the gland, thickness of the connective tissue layer, increase in cell and nuclear diameter with predominance of type I cells. This hypertrophy and hyperplasia was not followed by secretory activity during active phase which possibly suggests the non-functional nature of hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Unilateral destalkation during active phase neither caused hypertrophy nor hyperplasia of the gland cells probably because these crabs may still receive the inhibitory principle from the remaining intact eyestalk causing the gland to remain analogous to that of the unablated controls. The androgenic gland of control crabs during revival phase (January-February) was discerned with a few patches of proliferated type I cells scattered among vacuoles and degenerating cells. The most prominent feature of the gland of bilaterally ablated crabs during revival phase was the extensive proliferation of type I cells. Not much significant change was observed in the morphology and histology of the gland of unilaterally ablated crabs of revival phase.

Гістологічна та морфометрична характеристики великих слинних залоз в щурів у нормі

ГІСТОЛОГІЧНА ТА МОРФОМЕТРИЧНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ВЕЛИКИХ СЛИННИХ ЗАЛОЗ В ЩУРІВ У НОРМІ - Метою дослідження було встановити особливості гістологічної будови і морфометричну характеристику структур великих слинних залоз в щурів у нормі. Особливістю привушних залоз є, зокрема, те, що вони збудовані переважно з білкових ацинусів, разом з тим, як у нижньощелепних залозах ацинуси мають змішаний білково-слизовий тип і продукують як білковий, так і слизовий секрет. Ще однією із відмінностей слинних залоз щурів різної локалізації є те, що у нижньощелепних залозах значно краще, ніж у привушних, виражені сполучнотканинні прошарки між частками і сполучнотканинні муфти навкола проток і судин. Отримані гістологічні дані й морфометричні показники можуть складати основу для порівняння при експериментальному моделюванні різноманітних патологічних процесів та кількісної характеристики патоморфологічнихзмін, що виникають при цьому.<br />ГИСТОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ И МОРФОМЕТРИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ БОЛЬШИХ СЛЮННЫХ ЖЕЛЕЗ У КРЫС В НОРМЕ - Целью исследования было установление особенностей гистологического строения и морфометрическая характеристика структур больших слюнных желез у крыс в норме. Особенностью околоушных желез является, в частности, то, что они построены в основном из белковых ацинусов, в то время, как в нижнечелюстных железах ацинусы имеют смешанный белково-слизистый тип и продуцируют как белковый, так и слизистый секрет. Еще одной из отличительных особенностей слюнных желез крыс различной локализации является то, что в нижнечелюстных железах значительно лучше, чем в околоушных выражены соединительнотканные прослойки между дольками и соединительнотканные муфты вокруг протоков и сосудов. Полученные гистологические данные и морфометрические показатели могут составлять основу для сравнения при экспериментальном моделировании различных патологических процессов и количественной характеристики патоморфологических изменений, возникающих при этом.<br />HISTOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS OF RATS IN NORM - The aim of the study was to establish the features of histological structure and morphometric characteristics of rats large salivary glands structures in norm. Particulary the feature of parotid glands is that they are constructed mainly of protein acini, while the acini of submandibular glands are mixed - mucous and protein type which produce both protein and mucous secretion. Another distinctive feature of different localization rats salivary glands is that connective tissue layer between the lobules and connective couplings around the ducts and blood vessels in the submandibular glands are expressed better than in the parotid. Finded histological data and morphometric parameters can form the basis for comparison with experimental modeling of various pathological processes and quantitative characteristic of the pathological changes that occur at that time.<br />Ключові слова: привушна, нижньощелепна слинна залоза, структура, морфометрія.<br />Ключевые слова: околоушная, нижнечелюстная слюнная железа, структура, морфометрия.<br />Key words: parotid, submandibular salivary glands, structure, morphometry.

Effects of age on growth and development of vagina in ISA Brown chickens

Structure and postnatal development of vagina in 21 ISA brown chickens was studied at three, 23 and 46 weeks of age. At 3 weeks of age the vagina was narrower and thicker then the uterus. The undifferentiated wall of vagina consisted of low primary mucosal folds lined by simple columnar epithelium to a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and a connective tissue layer underneath. At three weeks of age, scattered smooth muscle fibres were in the subepithelial connective tissue layer. Rapid structural changes occurred at 23 weeks of age in the adult bird, mucosal folds were narrowed and tongue-shaped. Lamina propia was devoid of glands and contained lymphocytes. Tunica muscularis was well developed at 23 and 46 weeks.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v28i2.10676Bangl. vet. 2011. Vol. 28, No. 2, 75 – 79