scholarly journals Intensification of the breeding process and acceleration of the introduction of apple cultivars into production

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Sedov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Long Period ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Small Production ◽  
Russian Research

Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) is the main supplier of new apple cultivars for the middle zone of Russia. 54 zoned apple cultivars of different dates of maturing have been created at the Institute and included in the State Register of breeding achievements. The reasons of a very long period from the beginning of the breeding process (hybridization) to the wide introduction of a cultivar into broad production are considered in this pa-per. Examples of acceleration and intensification of the breeding process are given. If in 1950s at VNIISPK it took 39-49 years (43, on the average) from the hybridization to transfer a cultivar to the State Register, then in 1980s-1990s it took just 18-23 years (21, on the average). The techniques and methods of reducing this period are given in this paper. Often not less period passes from the inclusion of a cultivar in the State Register (zoning) before introduction of a cultivar in wide production. To reduce this period, it is proposed in the original institution to lay plots of small production cultivar testing of 20-30 trees in each of the 3 repetitions (60-90 trees) for each new cultivar and the control cultivar simultaneously with the transfer of a cultivar to the State Register.

scholarly journals Apple breeding process duration and ways of its reduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Sedov ◽  
S. A. Korneyeva ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
Z. M. Serova
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Apple Breeding ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Russian Research

A careful 63-year-old work on apple breeding, resulting in the creation of 54 its varieties, included in the State Register of breeding achievements admitted for use, makes it possible to speak about the ways of reduction in the time of the actual breeding process and the subsequent stages of accelerating the introduction of new varieties into production. According to the experience of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, an average of 19 years is spent from hybridization to the adoption of a variety for State trials, and from hybridization to inclusion in the State Register it is spent 27 years. The requirements for new apple varieties are changing and becoming tougher to a large extent during this period. We off er the possibility of reducing the time to create a new variety by combining in time the actual breeding process and the primary variety study. For this purpose already during the selection and transfer of biannual seedlings to the breeding orchard it is necessary to multiply and include the best seedlings on morphological features with a culture of 5 points (no more than 1 seedling per thousand selected ones) in the primary study. In this case the actual breeding process is combined with the primary study. When transferring the variety to the state trial, it is necessary to lay orchards of a small production testing of 20-40 trees of a new variety in each of the three replications. The time of single breeders is a thing of the past. To create varieties that meet high requirements of production (convenient for cultivation, highly adapted to local conditions, with a certain shape of tree crowns, with the fruits of high commodity and consumer qualities), interdisciplinary teams are needed, which include not only breeders, but also pomologists, geneticists, cytoembryologists, biochemists, physiologists, phytopathologists, and agricultural technicians. Usually years, and sometimes decades are spent on the creation of well-coordinated teams of professionals of diff erent specialties, but only such teams are able to create varieties that meet all main requirements. At Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding such a team consists of 22 people.

ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FRUIT CROP BREEDING IS 175 YEARS

1970 ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
S. D. Knyazev ◽  
М. F. Tsoy ◽  
O. V. Panfilova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
The State ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
Russian Research ◽  
Research Institute

The article presents the history of creation, formation and development of the oldest horticultural institution in Russia - Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. For 175 years, the name of the institution has been changed many times, but its main activity - breeding of fruit crops-has remained unchanged. Currently, the Institute conducts full-scale breeding research on 15 fruit and berry crops, using classical and modern methods and techniques to create highly adaptive, competitive and environmentally sustainable cultivars. To date, 189 cultivars of fruit and berry crops have been created, of which 137 are included in the State register of breeding achievements approved for use. In 2014 the publication of the five-volume work of “Pomology” was completed, which presents a pomological description of cultivars of fruit, berry, nut and rare crops included in all regions of Russia in the State register of breeding achievements approved for use and best cultivars that are passing the state test. The Institute has three main departments of breeding and varietal agronomic practice of pome, stone and berry crops, as well as 8 laboratories. Employees of the Institute work in accordance with the program of fundamental scientific research developed by the government of the Russian Federation for 2013-2020, "State program of agricultural development for 2013-2020" - import substitution of fruit products and "Ensuring the conservation of plant genetic resources", and also actively work towards the production of healthy planting material of pure varieties for fruit and berry crops. The Institute actively works in the direction of international collaboration with major breeding institutions in Europe, Asia and North America, as well as promotes the results of its activities at annual scientific conferences and exhibitions of various ranks. The Institute is a holder of 3 Grants from the RSF and RFBR, as well as a participant in 4 International Projects: FruitBreedomics, VINQUEST, ECPGR PomeFruit_C&E, and DROUGHT. In conclusion, it is noted that the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding is able to set and solve important tasks in the direction of the development of domestic horticulture.

scholarly journals Introduction of Orel red currant varieties into the West-Siberian region

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
O. Golyayeva
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Siberian Region ◽  
The West ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Red Currant ◽  
Russian Research ◽  
Research Institute

Abstract. The results of the state testing of red currant varieties in the Prokopievsky Fruit-Berry State Station of Variety Testing (West-Siberian region) in 2015–2017 are presented. The task of the research was to test the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding red currant varieties in the soil-climatic conditions of the West-Siberian region. Methods. 13 varieties from the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (Orel region), 5 varieties from the Novosibirsk Zonal Fruit-Berry Experimental Station (Novosibirsk region) and 3 varieties from the South-Urals Research Institute of Fruit and Potato Growing (Chelyabinsk) were studied. The red currant variety “Red Cross” in the West-Siberian region was taken as a standard. The observations and records were carried out according to the Methods of the state variety testing of agricultural crops. Results. For three year of the study, on the average, the productivity of the standard was 63.3 centner per hectare. The varieties from the former Novosibirsk Zonal Fruit-Berry Experimental Station “Valensiya”, “Khrustyashchaya” and “Eliza” were on the same level of productivity with the standard, while “Rozita” was inferior to the standard. The varieties from the South-Urals Research Institute of Fruit and Potato Growing significantly exceeded the standard in terms of the crop load: “Ilyinka”, “Ural’skaya krasnaya” and “Ural’skaya belaya” (93.3–84.4 centner/ha). The varieties from the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding had higher rate of productivity: 122.5 centner/ha (“Marmeladnitza” – 102.6 centner/ha (white-fruit variety “Belka”). “Gollandskaya krasnaya”, “Khrustyashchaya”, “Belka”, “Uralskaya belaya” and “Roza” are characterized by a dessert taste (5.0 point). In conditions of the Kemerovo region the varieties “Asya”, “Dar Orla”, “Dana”, “Ilyinka”, “Marmeladnitza”, “Orlovchanka”, “Podarok leta”, “Ural’skaya krasavitsa”, “Niva” and “Belka” are characterized by large size of fruit with maximal berry weight of 0.9–1.3 g. “Ilyinka”, “Marmeladnitsa”, “Ural’skaya krasnaya”, “Belka” and “Ural’skaya belaya” demonstrated a complex resistance the main diseases of red currants- anthracnose and septoria. Scientific novelty and practical importance. The results of the introduction showed that the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding red currant varieties have high environmental adaptability to the conditions of the sharply continental climate. As a result of the testing, the varieties “Asya”, “Dana”, “Marmeladnitsa”, “Orlovchanka”, “Dar Orla” and “Podarok leta” (Orel breeding) are included in the State Register of breeding achievements admitted for use in the West-Siberian region.

scholarly journals Growing technology of crowned trees of columnar apple cultivars at Russian research institute of fruit crop breeding

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-101
Author(s):  
S. A. Korneyeva ◽  
E. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
The Third ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Russian Research ◽  
Research Institute

Relevance. Selection of columnar apple cultivars and development of adapted elements of their cultivation technology are one of the promising areas of the research work of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. The result of 36 years of the target selection work was the creation of 5 columnar apple cultivars accepted in the State Register of breeding achievements: ‘Priokskoye’, ‘Poezia’, ‘Vostorg’, ‘Girlianda’ and ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’. All cultivars are characterized by high precocity, productivity and immunity to scab. The special habit of the columnar shape of the apple tree determines a special type of planting that is characteristic only for it, providing for super-dense placement of trees.Results. Our research experimentally demonstrates the possibility of reducing the total number of plants per hectare while maintaining a high density of fruit wood in the orchard. These technologies will significantly reduce the amount of necessary planting material, therefore, reduce the initial cost of laying a columnar apple orchard. Thus, when growing columnar cultivars in the crown of a 3–4-98 semi- dwarf rootstock with a tree planting density of 3333 trees per hectare, the number of columnar branches corresponds to the plantation with a density of 20,000 columnar trees per 1 ha. The study of this technology showed that the cultivars entered fruiting in the third year after grafting of 2-year-old skeletal trees; the yield of the studied columnar cultivars for the first 10 years of fruiting averaged 81.6 t/ ha. Annual fruiting was observed throughout the entire observation period. Another promising option is to grow columns in the form of crowned plants on a dwarf rootstock 62–396. The crown on average consists of 5 branches, while the total number of columnar branches reaches 12 500 PCs/ha. The proportion of trees that entered fruiting in the third year after grafting depended on the depth of seedling planting. For normal planting, it was 28%, which is twice the same value for deep planting (15 cm below the root neck).

COMMODITY AND CONSUMER QUALITIES OF FRUITS OF DIPLOID AND TRIPLOID APPLE VARIETIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
Z. М. Serova ◽  
Т. V. Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The State ◽  
Apple Breeding ◽  
Apple Varieties ◽  
State Register ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Russian Research ◽  
Research Institute

Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) is the main supplier of new valuable apple cultivars to update the assortment. For the last 30 years more than 50 apple cultivars meeting the requirements of modern gardening have been developed at VNIISPK and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements. The time of single breeders is a thing of the past, and in connection with the ever-increasing requirements for varieties, researchers of different specialties should work at their creation. A well-coordinated interdisciplinary team of researchers and technicians work in VNIISPK at the development of new apple varieties. In addition to breeders, researchers in physiology, biochemistry, processing of fruits, cytoembryology, genetics and agronomic practice are involved in the work. Along with other areas of selection, apple breeding with polyploidy using was started at the Institute in 1970. To date, 19 triploid apple varieties have been created for the first time in the world at our Institute from intervalent crosses of diploid x tetraploid type. 11 of them are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Admitted for Use (zoned). It has experimentally been confirmed that triploid apple cultivars differ from diploids in higher weight of fruit and their marketability and are not inferior to diploids in the attractiveness of the appearance and taste of the fruit. Apple breeding for immunity to the most harmful scab was started at our institute in 1977, to date, 25 scab immune apple cultivars have been developed and zoned, 9 of them are triploids. The first domestic scab immune Imrus was zoned in Central Russia in 1996. We have shown that diploid and triploid varieties immune to scab are not inferior to non-immune varieties by fruit weight. The first in Russia and world 9 triploid resistant to scab apple varieties are Vavilovskoe, Zhilinskoe, Mars, Prazdnichnoe, Spasskoe, Trener Petrov including have been zoned Aleksandr Boyko, Yablochnyy Spas, Maslovskoe in our opinion should significantly enrich the range of varieties of Russia midland apple. The paper gives a comparative assessment of commodity and consumer qualities of new diploid and triploid fruit varieties of apple selection of All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crops Breeding.

REPLENISHMENT OF AN APPLE TREE ASSORTMENT WITH DEEP WINTER VARIETIES

1970 ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
State Testing ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
State Register ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Term Storage

Large-scale and purposeful work on the development of new apple cultivars has been carried out at Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding since 1956. Over a long period of time, 55 apple cultivars of different fruit maturation periods were created and included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use (zoned). Apple cultivars with fruits capable of long-term storage in refrigerator are of particular interest. Cultivars fruits of which can store until mid-March or longer include zoned cultivars: Aleksandr Boiko, Den Pobedy, Kulikovskoe, Ministr Kisilev, Sinap Orlovsky, as well as Zhdanovskoe, which is passing state testing. The article provides a brief description of six cultivars and a more complete characteristic of new cultivar Zhdanovskoe. Triploid cultivar Sinap Orlovsky is included in the state register in four regions of Russia, Kulikovskoe – in three regions, Svezhest - in two regions while Aleksandr Boiko, Den Pobedy, Kulikovskoe and Ministr Kisilev are included in the state register only in the Central Chernozem region. Zhdanovskoe, which is passing state testing, is also of interest for industry. Its fruit are stored in the refrigerator till mid-March. Among the listed cultivars there are 5 triploid cultivars, including 2 triploid cultivars that are immune to scab. It is known that triploid cultivars are prone to more regular fruiting over the years and have larger and more marketable fruits, and the introduction of scab-immune cultivars into widespread production improves the environmental situation in the orchard and provides cleaner products. The primary task of breeding institutions and production is to give these cultivars a comprehensive assessment.

RESULTS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN BREEDERS OF DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS IN CREATION OF NEW GENERATION APPLE TREE

1970 ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva ◽  
L. I. Dutova ◽  
Е. V. Ulianovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
The North ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
New Generation

The experience in cooperation of breeders of different institutions in creating cultivars is shown. It is not always when the breeding institution has the necessary initial forms for selection. In this regard, there is a need to conduct separate stages of selection in different breeding institutions. For this purpose, a provision on authorship and continuity in the integrated work of several institutions in fruit breeding has been developed (Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding. Annex. – Orel, 1995. – pp. 492-498). Breeding work of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) and North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking can serve as a positive experience of creating new apple cultivars by two institutions. As a result of the joint work of these two institutions, 22 apple cultivars have been created, of which 9 have already been included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use (zoned), including three cultivars for the conditions of the Middle zone of Russia – Aleksandr Boiko, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas and six cultivars for the conditions of the North Caucasus – Vasilisa, Karmen, Margo, Orfey, Soyuz and Talisman. Brief economical and biological characteristics of these cultivars are given in this paper. The obtained practical results indicate that in some cases, when creating modern cultivars that meet the requirements of production, it is necessary to use the knowledge of breeders, the source material and equipment of different breeding institutions, and carry out separate stages of the selection process in different institutions.

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