Causes of Global Climate Change

2017 ◽  
pp. 269-282
Author(s):  
Olena Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Political Dialogue ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

The article deals with modern approaches related to the definition of the global climate change causes. Noteworthy, there are two scientific approaches concerning this issue: some, who believe that global climate change was caused by anthropogenic factors and others, who believe that the cause of this phenomenoncaused by natural factors. It indicates the lack of consensus on the causes of climate change on the planet. The author’s focus also revolves around the existing manifestations of climate change and the global risks that aggravate this process. It has been determined that today, to prevent these risks, it is necessary to develop adaptation programs and mitigate the effects of global climate change on the global, national, local and corporate levels. The practical measures taken by the United Nations, other international organizations, governments, cities and corporations indicate the existence of political will and understanding of the inevitability of changes. To conclude, the author states that the problem of global climate change, being scientific to a great extend, has largely increased in becoming the subject of international political dialogue. Keywords: Global climate change, global risks, adaptation, mitigation

Future options in landscape ecology: development and research

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuzhen Li ◽  
Ülo Mander
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Landscape Metrics ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Landscape Development ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field

The aim of this brief overview is to highlight some new and promising research fields in landscape ecology, which is essentially an interdisciplinary field of study. We also analyse the development of some classical branches of landscape ecology regarding pattern and process relationships at broad spatial and temporal scales, such as landscape metrics, the influence of anthropogenic factors and global climate change on landscape development, the fragmentation of ecosystems and disturbances of populations, and material and energy cycling in and between ecosystems.

scholarly journals Alternatives for Financing of Municipal Investments - Green Bonds

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Aleksandrova-Zlatanska ◽  
Desislava Zheleva Kalcheva
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Bond Market ◽  
School Construction ◽  
Bank Financing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Economic

AbstractThe perspective of global climate change emerges as a significant political, economic, financial and social issue. Scientific researches show that the accumulated carbon dioxide (CO2), released by the industry and agriculture, together with the contribution of man-made greenhouse gases leads to a rise in the temperature of the earth's surface. Traditional sources of financing capital expenditure, such as own revenues and bank financing have proved to be extremely insufficient. At the same time, not only traditional municipal needs, such as costs for street, road, bridge, school construction etc., but also the need of investments related to climate change have been on the rise. The purpose of this article is to examine and analyze alternatives for financing climate change-related municipal investments. The subject of the research is green bonds and the so-called Subnational Pooled Financing Mechanisms, which have already gained popularity in Western Europe but are not yet well known in Eastern Europe. The positive aspects and opportunities that the green bond market reveals as well as the barriers to this type of financing are assessed and an analysis of the practice of bond financing in Europe is made.

scholarly journals Chronological Trends and Mercury Bioaccumulation in an Aquatic Semiarid Ecosystem under a Global Climate Change Scenario in the Northeastern Coast of Brazil

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2402
Author(s):  
Fernando Morgado ◽  
Ruy M. A. L. Santos ◽  
Daniela Sampaio ◽  
Luiz Drude de Lacerda ◽  
Amadeu M. V. M. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Mercury Contamination ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Sediment Fraction ◽  
Semiarid Ecosystem ◽  
Northeastern Coast

Due to global warming, in the northeastern semiarid coastal regions of Brazil, regional and global drivers are responsible for decreasing continental runoff and increasing estuarine water residence time, which promotes a greater mobilization of bioavailable mercury (Hg) and allows increasing fluxes and/or bioavailability of this toxic trace element and an acceleration of biogeochemical transformation of Hg. In this work, an application of dendrochemistry analysis (annular tree rings analysis) was developed for the reconstruction of the historical pattern of mercury contamination in a contaminated area, quantifying chronological Hg contamination trends in a tropical semiarid ecosystem (Ceará River Estuary, northeastern coast of Brazil) through registration of mercury concentration on growth rings in specimens of Rhizophora mangle L. and using the assessment in sediments as a support for the comparison of profiles of contamination. The comparison with sediments from the same place lends credibility to this type of analysis, as well as the relationship to the historical profile of contamination in the region, when compared with local data about industries and ecological situation of sampling sites. In order to evaluate the consequences of the described increase in Hg bioavailability and bioaccumulation in aquatic biota, and to assess the biological significance of Hg concentrations in sediments to fish and wildlife, muscle and liver from a bioindicator fish species, S. testudineus, were also analyzed. The results of this work reinforce the indicators previously described in the semiarid NE region of Brazil, which showed that global climate change and some anthropogenic factors are key drivers of Hg exposure and biomagnification for wildlife and humans. Considering the Hg concentration present in the top layers of sediment (~20 cm around 15 to 20 years) with the outer layers in the tree ring cores and in the sediment’s cores from Pacoti estuary and the Ceará estuary, overall the data indicate an increase in mercury in recent years in the Hg surface sediments, especially associated with the fine sediment fraction, mainly due to the increased capacity of small particles to adsorb Hg. There was revealed a positive and significant correlation (p < 0.05) between Hg trends in sediments and Hg trends in annular tree rings. This shared Hg pattern reflects local environmental conditions. The Hg concentration values in S. testudineus from both study areas are not restrictive to human consumption, being below the legislated European limit for Hg in foodstuffs. The results from S. testudineus muscles analysis suggest a significant and linear increase in Hg burden with increasing fish length, indicating that the specimens are accumulating Hg as they grow. The results from both rivers show an increase in BSAF with fish growth. The [Hg] liver/[Hg] muscles ratio >1, which indicates that the S. testudineus from both study areas are experiencing an increase in Hg bioavailability. Possible climate-induced shifts in these aquatic systems processes are inducing a greater mobilization of bioavailable Hg, which could allow an acceleration of the biogeochemical transformation of Hg.

The Science, Economics, and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Review of The Climate Casino by William Nordhaus

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam B. Jaffe ◽  
Suzi Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Neoclassical Economics ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Global Action ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Economics And Politics

The problem of global climate change presents overwhelming factual, analytical, and normative challenges. Nordhaus surveys this terrain bravely and mostly successfully. He explains the scientific/economic consensus that the planet is warming, that people are responsible, that the consequences are bad, and that immediate action is benefit/ cost justified. He also discusses the efficient policy response, and the challenges of achieving coordinated global action. His approach is mostly that of standard neoclassical economics, and some of the limitations of that paradigm in this context are not addressed. But overall, The Climate Casino provides an excellent self-contained introduction to the subject. (JEL D61, H23, Q51, Q54, Q58, D72)

scholarly journals Disasters without Borders: The Coronavirus Pandemic, Global Climate Change and the Ascendancy of Gradual Onset Disasters

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3299
Author(s):  
Katsuya Yamori ◽  
James D. Goltz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Gradual Onset ◽  
Foundational Work ◽  
Definition Of

Throughout much of its history, the sociological study of human communities in the disaster has been based on events that occur rapidly, are limited in geographic scope, and their management understood as phased stages of response, recovery, mitigation and preparedness. More recent literature has questioned these concepts, arguing that gradual-onset phenomena like droughts, famines and epidemics merit consideration as disasters and that their exclusion has negative consequences for the communities impacted, public policy in terms of urgency and visibility and for the discipline itself as the analytical tools of sociological research are not brought to bear on these events. We agree that gradual-onset disasters merit greater attention from social scientists and in this paper have addressed the two most significant ongoing disasters that are gradual in onset, global in scope and have caused profound impacts on lives, livelihoods, communities and the governments that must cope with their effects. These disasters are the coronavirus pandemic and global climate change both, of which include dimensions that challenge the prevailing definition of disaster. We begin with an examination of the foundational work in the sociological study of a disaster that established a conceptual framework based solely on rapidly occurring disasters. Our focus is on several components of the existing framework for defining and studying disasters, which we term “borders.” These borders are temporal, spatial, phasing and positioning, which, in our view, must be reexamined, and to some degree expanded or redefined to accommodate the full range of disasters to which our globalized world is vulnerable. To do so will expand or redefine these borders to incorporate and promote an understanding of significant risks associated with disaster agents that are gradual and potentially catastrophic, global in scope and require international cooperation to manage.

scholarly journals The role of traditional and new international relations actors in addressing climate change

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 201-221
Author(s):  
Olena Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Time Specific

Addressing global climate change brings up a number of priority issues. The fundamental issue is the definition of the participants in this process and the scope of their competencies and areas of responsibility. Practice shows that modern global challenges, which include global climate change, cannot be solved individually and in a straightforward manner without the involvement of all stakeholders and the general public. The article discusses actions aimed at adapting and mitigating the consequences of global climate challenges carried out by states and their alliances (as traditional international actors) and corporations and media (as new international actors). It is shown that today state political decisions on the adaptation to and mitigation of the consequences of global climate change are associated, in particular, with the transition to a low-carbon economy. At the same time, specific and effective climate policies are also being implemented by international corporations. Global media implement their own climate initiatives from one side and shape international public opinion regarding the climate challenge from the other side. The author concludes that, despite the active presence of the theme of global climate change in international and national political discourse, as well as in media and in the social and economic projects of corporations, the general attempts to resolve the issue can’t be considered as a well coordinated, and the results are not efficient enough.

scholarly journals CLIMATE COMMUNICATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND SUB-NATIONAL SUBJECTS AS ACTORS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE SETTLEMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-18
Author(s):  
О. V. Shevchenko О. V. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
The World ◽  
Special Information

Resolving the issue of global climate change addresses a number of vital issues, including the identification of participants and the scope of their competences and areas of responsibility. One of the most influential actors are international organizations, in particular the UN and its special structures, programs and projects, whose activities are aimed at tackling global climate change, adaptation and mitigation of the effects of climate change. Such specialized entities include the United Nations Environment Program, the World Climate Research Program, the Global Climate Observing System, the Global Ocean Observing System, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It is emphasized that the application of effective communication tools is an important element in the success of these global climate change response structures. It is shown that in the practice of UN specialized agencies such communication tools as evaluation, special and technical reports, summaries, newsletters, methodological guides, video materials are used; annual conferences, thematic seminars, special information events, etc. are held. In major cases, all information is available to the public in the Internet, as well as in print materials. The author explains the importance of subnational actors, such as cities and regions, in reducing emissions and meeting climate targets that successfully implement regional climate initiatives, which later on serve as a platform for demonstrating, testing and disseminating new, cutting-edge climate challenges. The article demonstrates that the information factor in the work of international organizations and subnational actors contributes to the raising awareness among the world community and improving the understanding of the causes and effects of climate change, as well as how countries and communities adapt to the future effects of climate change.

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