scholarly journals Dielectric permittivity of snow measured along the route traversed in the Japanese–Swedish Antarctic Expedition 2007/08

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (55) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Sugiyama ◽  
Hiroyuki Enomoto ◽  
Shuji Fujita ◽  
Kotaro Fukui ◽  
Fumio Nakazawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Mixture Theory ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Transmission Line Resonator ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
International Polar ◽  
Joint Contribution ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractAs a joint contribution of Japan and Sweden to the International Polar Year 2007–09, a field expedition between Syowa and Wasa stations in East Antarctica was carried out in the 2007/08 austral summer season. Along the 2800 km long expedition route, the dielectric permittivity of the upper 1 m snow layer was measured at intervals of approximately 50 km using a snow fork, a parallel-wire transmission-line resonator. More than 2000 measurements were performed under carefully calibrated conditions, mostly in the interior of Antarctica. The permittivity ε′ was a function of snow density as in previous studies on dry snow, but the values were significantly smaller than those reported before. In the light of the dielectric mixture theory, the relatively smaller ε′ obtained in this study can be attributed to the snow structures characteristic in the studied region. Our data suggest that the permittivity of snow in the Antarctic interior is significantly affected by weak bonding between snow grains, which is due to depth-hoar formation in the extremely low-temperature conditions.

scholarly journals MONITORING OF THE WATER-ICE ECOSYSTEM IN THE ANTARCTIC COASTAL AREA ON MATERIALS OF THE RAE-64

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-224
Author(s):  
I.A. Melnikov
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Russian Antarctic Expedition ◽  
International Polar ◽  
The Antarctic

During the seasonal work of the Russian Antarctic expedition (RAE-64) in the Nella fjord at the continental station “Progress” (Prydz Bay, Eastern Antarctica), the monitoring of the water-ice ecological system has been carried out here annually since the International polar year (2007). The purpose of monitoring is to show the role of sea ice biota in the global biosphere processes of the Southern ocean.

scholarly journals Education and outreach by the Antarctic Treaty Parties, Observers and Experts under the framework of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings

Polar Record ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
José C. Xavier ◽  
Dragomir Mateev ◽  
Linda Capper ◽  
Annick Wilmotte ◽  
David W. H. Walton
Keyword(s):  
International Union ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Educational Value ◽  
International Polar ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Education And Outreach ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractThe development of formal discourse about education and outreach within the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM), and the influence of major international activities in this field, are described. This study reflects on the ATCM Parties’ approach to implementing the ambition of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty Article 6.1.a, to promote the educational value of Antarctica and its environment, and examines the role of workshops and expert groups within the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes. These early initiatives, which emerged in the 1990s, were a prelude to the development and implementation of a large number of International Polar Year (IPY) education and outreach programmes. The establishment of an Antarctic Treaty System Intersessional Contact Group, and an online forum on education and outreach during the 2015 ATCM in Bulgaria, is a legacy of IPY and is the next step in fostering collaboration to engage people around the world in the importance and relevance of Antarctica to our daily lives.

Arctic shipping guidelines: towards a legal regime for navigation safety and environmental protection?

Polar Record ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Jensen
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
International Polar ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Arctic Ice ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Near Future

ABSTRACTWith the International Polar Year (IPY) having commenced in March 2007, key issues relating to the polar regions are again in focus. This article reviews one central legal issue re-emerging in the Arctic: global regulation of safety standards for international shipping. The ‘Guidelines for ships operating in Arctic ice-covered waters’ are examined, with a view to the probable expansion of shipping in the Arctic in near future. Following an introduction to navigational issues within the Arctic context, the article describes how the guidelines came into being, and then analyses key elements and structure of the regulations and shortfalls of today's arrangements. The possible relevance of the guidelines to the Antarctic is also discussed briefly. Finally, the article inquires into the key repercussions of introducing binding regulations.

scholarly journals Seasonal variations and vertical features of aerosol particles in the Antarctic troposphere

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 7555-7591 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hara ◽  
K. Osada ◽  
C. Nishita-Hara ◽  
T. Yamanouchi
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Free Troposphere ◽  
Syowa Station ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Tethered balloon-borne aerosol measurements were conducted at Syowa Station, Antarctica during the 46th Japanese Antarctic expedition (2005–2006). The CN concentration reached a maximum in the summer, although the number concentrations of fine particles (Dp > 0.3 μm) and coarse particles (Dp > 2.0 μm) increased during the winter-spring. The CN concentration was 30–2200 cm−3 near the surface (surface – 500 m) and 7–7250 cm−3 in the lower free troposphere (>1500 m). During the austral summer, higher CN concentration was often observed in the lower free troposphere, where the number concentrations in fine and coarse modes were remarkably lower. The frequent appearance of higher CN concentrations in the free troposphere relative to continuous aerosol measurements at the ground strongly suggests that new particle formation is more likely to occur in the lower free troposphere in Antarctic regions. Seasonal variations of size distribution of fine-coarse particles show that the contribution of the coarse mode was greater in the winter-spring than in summer because of the dominance of sea-salt particles in the winter-spring. The number concentrations of fine and coarse particles were high in air masses from the ocean and mid-latitudes. Particularly, aerosol enhancement was observed not only in the boundary layer but also in the lower free troposphere during and immediately after Antarctic haze events occurring in May, July, and September.

scholarly journals Neumayer’s ambitions for polar research and his role in the establishment of the first International Polar Year 1882–83

2011 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Reinhard Krause
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
International Polar ◽  
The Way

Remarks on the personal and historical background; the way to the International Polar Year (IPY)1 — some reflections on its results; the first German Antarctic expedition as part of an international Antarctic campaign.

Some reflections on the Antarctic Treaty

Polar Record ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W.G. Baker
Keyword(s):  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
International Geophysical Year ◽  
International Polar ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
International Geophysical ◽  
Made In

2009 brings not only the 50th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty but also the end of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and of its extension into the period of International Geophysical Cooperation (IGC 1959). It is also the 133rd anniversary of K. Weyprecht's suggestion that initiated the impetus. As he noted, ‘if Polar Expeditions are looked upon merely as a sort of international steeple-chase . . . and their main object is to exceed by a few miles the latitude reached by a predecessor these mysteries (of Meteorology and Geomagnetism) will remain unsolved’ (Weyprecht 1875). Although he stressed the importance of observations in both the Arctic and Antarctic during the first International Polar Year (IPY) in 1882–1883 only two stations in the sub-Antarctic region, at Cap Horn and South Georgia, made such scientific recordings. In spite of the fact that several expeditions to the Antarctic had been made in the period between the first and the second IPY 1932–1933, no stations were created in Antarctica during that IPY. The major increase in scientific studies in Antarctica came with the third IPY, which became the IGY of 1957–1958.

Antarctic winter scientific stations to the International Polar Year, 2007–2009

Polar Record ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Headland
Keyword(s):  
International Polar Year ◽  
International Geophysical Year ◽  
International Polar ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Scientific Station ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
International Geophysical

ABSTRACTThe earliest winter scientific station established in the Antarctic was in 1883 as part of the first International Polar Year (IPY) programme. Subsequently, to the IPY of 2007–2009, scientific stations have been deployed on 139 sites (103 on the Antarctic continent, 36 on the peri-Antarctic islands), by 24 countries for a cumulative total of 2666 winters to that of 2008. This paper summarises the winter dates, locations, and national status of all stations in the region. It thus includes all winter stations of the three IPYs and those of the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). The positions of 120 of these winter stations are south of 60°S, the boundary of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 (although many of them predate the Treaty).

Evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet: new understanding and challenges

2006 ◽  
Vol 364 (1844) ◽  
pp. 1867-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony J Payne ◽  
Julian C.R Hunt ◽  
Duncan J Wingham
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Amundsen Sea ◽  
Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
West Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
West Antarctic ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
International Polar ◽  
The Antarctic

This brief paper has two purposes. First, we gauge developments in the study of the Antarctic ice sheet over the last seven years by comparing the contents of this issue with the volume produced from an American Geophysical Union meeting, held in September 1998, on the West Antarctic ice sheet. We focus on the uptake of satellite-based observation; ice–ocean interactions; ice streams as foci of change within the ice sheet; and the time scales on which the ice sheet is thought to operate. Second, we attempt to anticipate the future challenges that the study of the Antarctic ice sheet will present. We highlight the role of the upcoming International Polar Year in facilitating a better coverage of in situ climatic observations over the continent; the pressing need to understand the causes and consequences of the contemporary changes observed in the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica; and the need for improved physics in predictive models of the ice sheet.

scholarly journals Concordia, Antarctica, seismic experiment for the International Polar Year (CASE-IPY)

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Maggi ◽  
Maxime Bes de Berc ◽  
Jean-Yves Thoré ◽  
Jean-Jacques Lévêque
Keyword(s):  
Receiver Functions ◽  
Surface Wave Tomography ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Seismic Experiment ◽  
International Polar ◽  
Wave Tomography ◽  
The Antarctic

<p>The CASE-IPY project, part of the larger POLENET initiative of geophysical observations for the International Polar Year, was built on our extensive experience of running seismological stations in Antarctica, both on rock sites (Dumont d’Urville station), and directly on the ice plateau (Concordia station). For CASE-IPY, we deployed 8 temporary seismic stations on the Antarctic plateau: 3 situated near Concordia itself (starting 2008), and the other 5 regularly spaced between Concordia and Vostok (2010-2012), following the maximum in ice topography. The technical problems we have encountered in our field deployments were essentially due to a combination of extreme environmental conditions and isolation of deployment sites. The 3 stations near Concordia were used as test sites to experiment different solutions, and to converge on a design for the 5 main stations. Results from the nearest stations, which transmit data regularly to Concordia, are very promising. The data recorded by our stations will be distributed widely in the scientific community. We expect them to be exploited essentially for structural studies involving Antarctica itself (its ice-cap, crust and lithosphere) via receiver functions, noise correlation, and surface-wave tomography, but also for studies of the Earth’s core.</p>

scholarly journals Advances in seismic monitoring at Deception Island volcano (Antarctica) since the International Polar Year

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Carmona ◽  
Javier Almendros ◽  
Rosa Martín ◽  
Guillermo Cortés ◽  
Gerardo Alguacil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Tremor ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Active Volcano ◽  
Seismic Monitoring ◽  
Volcano Monitoring ◽  
South Shetland Islands ◽  
Deception Island ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
International Polar

<p>Deception Island is an active volcano located in the south Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It constitutes a natural laboratory to test geophysical instruments in extreme conditions, since they have to endure not only the Antarctic climate but also the volcanic environment. Deception is one of the most visited places in Antarctica, both by scientists and tourists, which emphasize the importance of volcano monitoring. Seismic monitoring has been going on since 1986 during austral summer surveys. The recorded data include volcano-tectonic earthquakes, long-period events and volcanic tremor, among others. The level of seismicity ranges from quiet periods to seismic crises (e.g. 1992-1993, 1999). Our group has been involved in volcano monitoring at Deception Island since 1994. Based on this experience, in recent years we have made the most of the opportunities of the International Polar Year 2007-2008 to introduce advances in seismic monitoring along four lines: (1) the improvement of the seismic network installed for seismic monitoring during the summer surveys; (2) the development and improvement of seismic arrays for the detection and characterization of seismo-volcanic signals; (3) the design of automated event recognition tools, to simplify the process of data interpretation; and (4) the deployment of permanent seismic stations. These advances help us to obtain more data of better quality, and therefore to improve our interpretation of the seismo-volcanic activity at Deception Island, which is a crucial step in terms of hazards assessment.</p>

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