Analysis of Changes in Signal Intensity of Choroid Plexus in MRI Using FLAIR-DW-EPI Pulse Sequence

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Jingyu Kim ◽  
◽  
Sang-Jin Im ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Pulse Sequence ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Water Signal ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Functional Problems

In this study, the signal intensity of choroid plexus, which is producing cerebrospinal fluid, is analyzed according to the FLAIR diffusion-weighted imaging technique. In the T2*-DW-EPI diffusion-weighted image, the FLAIR-DW-EPI technique, which suppressed the water signal, was additionally examined for subjects with high choroid plexus signals and compared and analyzed the signal intensity. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the FLAIR-DW-EPI technique showed a signal strength equal to or lower than that of the brain parenchyma, and there was a difference in signal strength between the two techniques. As a result of this study, if the choroidal plexus signal is high in the T2 * -DW-EPI diffusionweighted image, additional examination of the FLAIR-DW-EPI technique is thought to be useful in distinguishing functional problems of the choroid plexus. In conclusion, if the choroidal plexus signal is high on the T2*-DW-EPI diffuse weighted image, it is thought that further examination of the FLAIR-DW-EPI technique will be useful in distinguishing functional problems of the choroidal plexus.

scholarly journals Senescent Accelerated Prone 8 (SAMP8) Mice as A Model of Age Dependent Neuroinflammation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Fernández ◽  
Elena Quintana ◽  
Patricia Velasco ◽  
Belén de Andrés ◽  
Maria Luisa Gaspar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Inflammatory Changes ◽  
Samp8 Mice ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: Aging and age related diseases are strong risk factors for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation (NIF), as the brain's immune response, plays an important role in aged associated degeneration of central nervous system (CNS). The need of animal models that will allow us to understand and modulate this process is required for the scientific community. Methods: We have analyzed aging-phenotypical and inflammatory changes of brain myeloid cells (bMyC) in a senescent accelerated prone aged (SAMP8) mouse model, and compared with their resistant to senescence control (SAMR1). We have performed morphometric methods to evaluate the architecture of cellular prolongations and analyzed Iba1+ clustered cells with aging. To analyse specific constant brain areas we have performed stereology measurements of Iba1+ cells in the hippocampal formation. We have isolated bMyC from brain parenchyma (BP) and choroid plexus and meningeal membranes (m/Ch), and analyzed their response to systemic LPS- driven inflammation.Results: Aged 10 month old SAMP8 mice presents many of the hallmarks of aging-dependent neuroinflammation when compared with their senescence resistant control (SAMR1); ie, increase of protein aggregates, presence of Iba1+ clusters, but not increase in the number of Iba1+ cells. We have further observed and increased of main inflammatory mediator IL-1β, and augment of border MHCII+Iba1+ cells. Isolated CD45+ bMyC from brain parenchyma (BP) and choroid plexus and meningeal membranes (m/Ch) have been analyzed showing that there is not significant increase of CD45+ from the periphery. Our data support that aged-driven pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) transcription is mainly enhanced in CD45+BP cells. Furthermore, we are showing that LPS-driven systemic inflammation produces inflammatory cytokines mainly in the border bMyC, sensed to a lesser extent by the BP bMyC, and is enhanced in aged SAMP8 compared to control SAMR1.Conclusion: Our data validate the SAMP8 model to study age-associated neuroinflammatory events, but careful controls for age and strain are required. These animals show morphological changes in their bMyC cell repertoires associated to age, corresponding to an increase in the production of main pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, which predispose the brain to an enhanced inflammatory response after LPS-systemic challenge.

Case 1.24

2014 ◽  
pp. 47-49
Author(s):  
Christine U. Lee ◽  
James F. Glockner
Keyword(s):  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Alcoholic Cirrhosis ◽  
Diffusion Weighted Image ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
Hepatic Lobe ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Diffusion

57-year-old man with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis Axial fat-suppressed FSE T2-weighted (Figure 1.24.1) and diffusion-weighted (b=100 s/mm2) (Figure 1.24.2) images demonstrate a peripheral right hepatic lobe mass that has mildly increased signal intensity relative to adjacent liver. Notice the higher signal intensity and greater contrast on the diffusion-weighted image (b=100 s/mm...

scholarly journals Carotid-Cavernous Fistula Associated with an Intracranial Lesion Caused by Cortical Venous Reflux

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Takahashi ◽  
I. Sakuma ◽  
T. Otani ◽  
K. Yasuda ◽  
N. Tomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Venous Congestion ◽  
Venous Reflux ◽  
Carotid Cavernous Fistula ◽  
Abnormal Signal ◽  
Cortical Venous Reflux ◽  
Abnormal Signal Intensity ◽  
The Brain

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 20 patients with carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF; 3 direct CCFs and 17 indirect CCFs) were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate venous drainage patterns that may cause intracerebral haemorrhage or venous congestion of the brain parenchyma. We evaluated the relationship between cortical venous reflux and abnormal signal intensity of the brain parenchyma on MRI. Cortical venous reflux was identified on DSA in 12 of 20 patients (60.0%) into the superficial middle cerebral vein (SMCV; n=4), the uncal vein (n=2), the petrosal vein (n=2), the lateral mesencephalic vein (LMCV; n=1), the anterior pontomesencephalic vein (APMV; n=1), both the APMV and the petrosal vein (n=1) and both the uncal vein and the SMCV (n=1). Features of venous congestion, such as tortuous and engorged veins, focal staining and delayed appearance of the veins, were demonstrated along the region of cortical venous reflux in the venous phase of internal carotid or vertebral arteriography in six of 20 patients (30.0%). These findings were not observed in the eight CCF patients who did not demonstrate cortical venous reflux. MRI revealed abnormal signal intensity of the brain parenchyma along the region with cortical venous reflux in four of 20 indirect CCF patients (20%). Of these four patients, one presented with putaminal haemorrhage, while the other three presented with hyperintensity of the pons, the middle cerebellar peduncle or both on T2-weighted images, reflecting venous congestion. The venous drainage routes were obliterated except for cortical venous reflux in these four patients and the patients without abnormal signal intensity on MRI had other patent venous outlets in addition to cortical venous reflux. CCF is commonly associated with cortical venous reflux. The obliteration or stenosis of venous drainage routes causes a converging venous outflow that develops into cortical venous reflux and results in venous congestion of the brain parenchyma or intracerebral haemorrhage. Hyperintensity of brain parenchyma along the region of cortical venous reflux on T2-weighted images reflects venous congestion and is the crucial finding that indicates concentration of venous drainage into cortical venous reflux.

Case 6.6

2014 ◽  
pp. 293-294
Author(s):  
Christine U. Lee ◽  
James F. Glockner
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Disease ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Adrenal Mass ◽  
High Signal Intensity ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Diffusion Weighted Image ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
T2 Weighted Images

35-year-old woman with a genetic disease Axial fat-suppressed FSE T2-weighted images (Figure 6.6.1) demonstrate a large right adrenal mass with scattered regions of high T2-signal intensity. The lesion shows moderately high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted image (b=600 s/mm2) (Figure ...

scholarly journals Distribution of Suramin, an Antitrypanosomal Drug, across the Blood-Brain and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Interfaces in Wild-Type and P-Glycoprotein Transporter-Deficient Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 3136-3146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Sanderson ◽  
Adil Khan ◽  
Sarah Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Targeted Mutation ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Although 60 million people are exposed to human African trypanosomiasis, drug companies have not been interested in developing new drugs due to the lack of financial reward. No new drugs will be available for several years. A clearer understanding of the distribution of existing drugs into the brains of sleeping sickness patients is needed if we are to use the treatments that are available more safely and effectively. This proposal addresses this issue by using established animal models. Using in situ brain perfusion and isolated incubated choroid plexus techniques, we investigated the distribution of [3H]suramin into the central nervous systems (CNSs) of male BALB/c, FVB (wild-type), and P-glycoprotein-deficient (Mdr1a/Mdr1b-targeted mutation) mice. There was no difference in the [3H]suramin distributions between the three strains of mice. [3H]suramin had a distribution similar to that of the vascular marker, [14C]sucrose, into the regions of the brain parenchyma that have a blood-brain barrier. However, the association of [3H]suramin with the circumventricular organ samples, including the choroid plexus, was higher than that of [14C]sucrose. The association of [3H]suramin with the choroid plexus was also sensitive to phenylarsine oxide, an inhibitor of endocytosis. The distribution of [3H]suramin to the brain was not affected by the presence of other antitrypanosomal drugs or the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter. Overall, the results confirm that [3H]suramin would be unlikely to treat the second or CNS stage of sleeping sickness.

scholarly journals Spike protein multiorgan tropism suppressed by antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Brady ◽  
Conor McQuaid ◽  
Alexander Solorzano ◽  
Angelique Johnson ◽  
Abigail Combs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Dynamic Imaging ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Tissue Analysis ◽  
Organ Uptake ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
The Brain

AbstractWhile there is SARS-CoV-2 multiorgan tropism in severely infected COVID-19 patients, it’s unclear if this occurs in healthy young individuals. In addition, for antibodies that target the spike protein (SP), it’s unclear if these reduce SARS-CoV-2/SP multiorgan tropism equally. We used fluorescently labeled SP-NIRF to study viral behavior, using an in vivo dynamic imaging system and ex in vivo tissue analysis, in young mice. We found a SP body-wide biodistribution followed by a slow regional elimination, except for the liver, which showed an accumulation. SP uptake was highest for the lungs, and this was followed by kidney, heart and liver, but, unlike the choroid plexus, it was not detected in the brain parenchyma or CSF. Thus, the brain vascular barriers were effective in restricting the entry of SP into brain parenchyma in young healthy mice. While both anti-ACE2 and anti-SP antibodies suppressed SP biodistribution and organ uptake, anti-SP antibody was more effective. By extension, our data support the efficacy of these antibodies on SARS-CoV-2 multiorgan tropism, which could determine COVID-19 organ-specific outcomes.

Ultrastructural Morphology of the Ependyma and Choroid Plexus in the African Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
M. A. Olude ◽  
F. E. Olopade ◽  
O. A. Mustapha ◽  
S. T. Bello ◽  
A. O. Ihunwo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Zonula Occludens ◽  
Cricetomys Gambianus ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Columnar Cells ◽  
The Brain ◽  
African Giant Rat

Abstract Ependymal cells line the interface between the ventricular surfaces and the brain parenchyma. These cells, in addition to the choroid plexus, form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) and serve important functions in the protection and regulation of brain metabolism. The African giant rat (AGR) has been used as sentinels to detect potential neuropathology arising from ecotoxicological pollutions. This study examined the lateral ventricular lining by using histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Marked variations were observed in some regions of the ventricles which showed multi-layering of ependymal cells that differed from the typical single layered ependymal cells at the apical surface, while subependymal structures revealed indistinctive neuropil and glia following histological examinations. The ependymal cells which form the epithelial lining of the ventricles were comprised of cuboidal or low columnar cells, with the plasmalemma of abutting cells forming intercellular bridge appearing links by: tight junctions (zonula occludens), intermediate junctions (zonula adherens), desmosomes (macula adherens) and infrequent gap junctions. The choroid plexus revealed cells of Kolmer with several cilia and microvilli. The possible functional components of the ependyma and choroid plexus morphology of the AGR are discussed and thus provide a baseline for further research on the AGR brain.

Case 14.1

2014 ◽  
pp. 675-676
Author(s):  
Christine U. Lee ◽  
James F. Glockner
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Diffusion Weighted Image ◽  
Linear Defect ◽  
Buttock Pain ◽  
Axial Diffusion ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

72-year-old man with a history of prostate cancer and new posterior right buttock pain Axial (Figure 14.1.1) and coronal oblique (Figure 14.1.2) T1-weighted images and axial (Figure 14.1.3) and coronal oblique (Figure 14.1.4) fat-suppressed T2-weighted FSE images demonstrate a linear defect in the right side of the sacrum with low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and mildly increased T2-signal intensity. Axial diffusion-weighted image (b=800 s/mm...

Case 8.16

2014 ◽  
pp. 401-402
Author(s):  
Christine U. Lee ◽  
James F. Glockner
Keyword(s):  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Filling Defect ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
High Signal Intensity ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Diffusion Weighted Image ◽  
Axial Diffusion ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
Diffusion Weighted

68-year-old man with hematuria Axial T2-weighted (Figure 8.16.1) and T1-weighted (Figure 8.16.2) FSE images, axial diffusion-weighted image (b=800 s/mm2) (Figure 8.16.3), and sagittal T2-weighted FSE image (Figure 8.16.4) demonstrate marked heterogeneous thickening of the posterior and lateral bladder walls, with high signal intensity on the diffusion-weighted image. The mass has extended posteriorly to invade and encase the seminal vesicles and prostate. Note also a large filling defect present in the bladder lumen, with a hyperintense rim on the T1-weighted image....

Case 4.18

2014 ◽  
pp. 220-221
Author(s):  
Christine U. Lee ◽  
James F. Glockner
Keyword(s):  
Ct Angiography ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Uncinate Process ◽  
Pancreatic Mass ◽  
Mitral Insufficiency ◽  
Diffusion Weighted Image ◽  
Axial Diffusion ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Preoperative Ct

52-year-old man with severe mitral insufficiency; an incidental pancreatic mass was detected on preoperative CT angiography Axial T1-weighted in-phase 2D SPGR image (Figure 4.18.1) demonstrates a round low-signal-intensity mass in the pancreatic uncinate process. Axial diffusion-weighted image (b=600 s/mm2) (...

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