A Social Campaign Design "BERAKSI" to Prevent the Transmission of Disease Through Physical Contact with Babies

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
Zora Clarisa ◽  
Juhri Selamet ◽  
Adhreza Brahma
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Transmission Of Disease

Babies often make people around them “melt” and become targets to be held and kissed by relatives, family friends, and even strangers. When holding and kissing a baby, people often do not realize that they carry viruses or bacteria that can harm the baby because the baby’s immune system is still underdeveloped. This project designed to encourage parents to refuse physical contact with their babies to prevent the transmission of a disease.

scholarly journals Why Companion Animals Are Beneficial During COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-432
Author(s):  
Unnati G Hunjan ◽  
Jayasankara Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
The Status ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health And Well Being

Companion animals and pets can be helpful during the novel coronavirus-19 pandemic. Interactions with them and positive physical contact lead to a variety of physiological and psychological benefits. It also releases biochemicals which can further boost the immune system and enhance health and well-being. This perspective discusses the benefits of these interactions, the modes of interactions and the activities that can be used. It also highlights the individuals that should avoid this approach and the status of the animal’s health before engaging with them.

scholarly journals Does mating negatively affect female immune defences in insects?

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Oku ◽  
Tom A.R. Price ◽  
Nina Wedell
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Female Resistance ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immune Defences ◽  
Direct Suppression

Abstract Immunity is an important mechanism of protection against pathogens and parasites. One factor that can influence immunity is mating. During mating, male-derived materials are transferred to females, and the physical contact also involves the potential risk of sexually transmitted infections, and wounding. Thus, mating can challenge a female’s immune system. This review focuses on exploring how immunity and mating interact in female insects. Although mating has been shown to cause female immune responses in several species, the responses do not always match the observed resistance to pathogens/parasites. Mating up-regulates female immune responses while female resistance is reduced compared to virgin females in some species, and vice versa in other taxa. We discuss why mismatches occur and why post-mating female resistance differs among species, and suggest that measured immune responses may not correlate with female resistance. Also, the mating system will play a major role. Polyandrous mating systems can generate intense post-mating sexual conflict, which can impose high costs of mating on females. Reduced female post-mating resistance may be due to direct suppression of female immunity by males. Alternatively, polyandry may increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections. If this is the major factor driving female post-mating resistance, females of polyandrous species should have higher post-mating immunity. To date, there are insufficient numbers of studies to fully answer the question ‘does mating negatively affect female immune defences in insects?’ To elucidate the links between immunity and mating in females, we need more studies in more species with varied mating systems.

Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Bacteria on Mineral Surfaces

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 130-131
Author(s):  
V.K. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Reaction ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mineral Surfaces ◽  
Mineral Surface ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study

There are two strains of bacteria viz. Thiobacillus thiooxidansand Thiobacillus ferrooxidanswidely mentioned to play an important role in the leaching process of low-grade ores. Another strain used in this study is a thermophile and is designated Caldariella .These microorganisms are acidophilic chemosynthetic aerobic autotrophs and are capable of oxidizing many metal sulfides and elemental sulfur to sulfates and Fe2+ to Fe3+. The necessity of physical contact or attachment by bacteria to mineral surfaces during oxidation reaction has not been fairly established so far. Temple and Koehler reported that during oxidation of marcasite T. thiooxidanswere found concentrated on mineral surface. Schaeffer, et al. demonstrated that physical contact or attachment is essential for oxidation of sulfur.

The Solidarity of Distance1

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Wicklund
Keyword(s):  
Physical Contact ◽  
Emotional Distance ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Shared Emotions ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
Full Interaction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Incompetence

Abstract: Solidarity in the classic sense pertains to a cohesion among humans that entails physical contact, shared emotions, and common goals or projects. Characteristic cases are to be found among families, close friends, or co-workers. The present paper, in contrast, treats a phenomenon of the solidarity of distance, a solidarity based in fear of certain others and in incompetence to interact with them. The starting point for this analysis is the person who is motivated to interact with others who are unfamiliar or fear-provoking. Given that the fear and momentary social incompetence do not allow a full interaction to ensue, the individual will move toward solidarity with those others on a symbolic level. In this manner the motivation to approach the others is acted upon while physical and emotional distance is retained.

Learned Placebo Effects in the Immune System

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Vits ◽  
Manfred Schedlowski
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Placebo Response ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drug ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Placebo Effects ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Associative learning processes are one of the major neuropsychological mechanisms steering the placebo response in different physiological systems and end organ functions. Learned placebo effects on immune functions are based on the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral immune system. Based on this “hardware,” experimental evidence in animals and humans showed that humoral and cellular immune functions can be affected by behavioral conditioning processes. We will first highlight and summarize data documenting the variety of experimental approaches conditioning protocols employed, affecting different immunological functions by associative learning. Taking a well-established paradigm employing a conditioned taste aversion model in rats with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) as an unconditioned stimulus (US) as an example, we will then summarize the efferent and afferent communication pathways as well as central processes activated during a learned immunosuppression. In addition, the potential clinical relevance of learned placebo effects on the outcome of immune-related diseases has been demonstrated in a number of different clinical conditions in rodents. More importantly, the learned immunosuppression is not restricted to experimental animals but can be also induced in humans. These data so far show that (i) behavioral conditioned immunosuppression is not limited to a single event but can be reproduced over time, (ii) immunosuppression cannot be induced by mere expectation, (iii) psychological and biological variables can be identified as predictors for this learned immunosuppression. Together with experimental approaches employing a placebo-controlled dose reduction these data provide a basis for new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of diseases where a suppression of immune functions is required via modulation of nervous system-immune system communication by learned placebo effects.

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