Immune system plays unexpected role in brain development

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Brain Development

scholarly journals Gut–neuroimmune interactions: the unexpected role of the immune system in brain development

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Spichak ◽  
Timothy G. Dinan ◽  
John F. Cryan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
The Brain

How does the immune system impact brain development? The exciting and somewhat unexpected relationship between the immune system and the brain has become one of the most fascinating topics in neuroscience. Even though the immune system was initially implicated in resolving viral and bacterial threats, it is now becoming more evident that it also plays a role in processes in the brain, both under healthy and pathological conditions. This novel role of the immune system in brain health has been implicated in various psychopathologies where neurodevelopment, stress and mood are central. In particular, its role in healthy brain development is becoming more evident, and understanding neuroimmune communication is becoming crucial in treating neurodevelopmental and mood disorders in later life. In the brain, glia function as part of the innate immune system and are programmed to respond to pathogens and physical injury. They also play an important role in neuronal development and pruning. These cells communicate with and respond to chemical signals, such as cytokines and chemokines, which can then initiate or downregulate inflammatory responses. Finally, the trillions of microbes residing in the gut can also stimulate cytokine and chemokine responses in the periphery and play an important role in both immunity and brain development.

Microbiota-immune interactions: from gut to brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eloisa Salvo-Romero ◽  
Patricia Stokes ◽  
Mélanie G. Gareau
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The vast diversity of bacteria that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract strongly influence host physiology, not only nutrient metabolism but also immune system development and function. The complexity of the microbiota is matched by the complexity of the host immune system, where they have coevolved to maintain homeostasis ensuring the mutualistic host-microbial relationship. Numerous studies in recent years investigating the gut-brain axis have demonstrated an important role for the gut microbiota in modulating brain development and function, with the immune system serving as an important coordinator of these interactions. Gut bacteria can modulate not only gut-resident immune cells but also brain-resident immune cells. Activation of the immune system in the gut and in the brain are implicated in responses to neuroinflammation, brain injury, as well as changes in neurogenesis and plasticity. Impairments in this bidirectional communication are implicated in the etiopathogenesis of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases and disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, or comorbidities associated with Gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases, where dysbiosis is commonly seen. Consequently, probiotics, or beneficial microbes, are being recognized as promising therapeutic targets to modulate behavior and brain development by modulating the gut microbiota. Here we review the role of microbiota-immune interactions in the gut and the brain during homeostasis and disease and their impact on gut-brain communication, brain function, and behavior as well as the use of probiotics in central nervous system alterations. Statement of novelty: The microbiota-gut-brain axis is increasingly recognized as an important physiological pathway for maintaining health and impacting the brain and central nervous system. Increasing evidence suggests that the immune system is crucial for gut-brain signaling. In this review, we highlight the critical studies in the literature that identify the key immune pathways involved.

scholarly journals PENYULUHAN KESEHATAN TENTANG PENTINGNYA TABLET TAMBAH DARAH PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI DESA UWUNG GIRANG, TANGERANG

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Siti Haeriyah ◽  
Nurry Ayuningtyas Kusumastuti
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRAKPermasalahan yang terjadi pada remaja putri salah satunya adalah Anemia karena kurang nya tablet tambah darah (Fe) yang dapat melemahkan kesehatan, mengalami gangguan perkembangan otak dan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang rendah, sehingga kegiatan belajar di sekolahnya dapat  terganggu. Oleh karena itu perlu diberikan tablet tambah darah (Fe) dan diedukasi juga dampak anemia. Target pemberian tablet tambah darah secara nasional adalah 10% remaja putri dengan dosis pencegahan yaitu remaja putri (10-19 tahun) atau WUS (15- 45 tahun) sehari 1 tablet tiap minggunya, jadi total tablet tambah darah (Fe) yang akan diterima oleh remaja putri adalah 13 tablet selama 4 bulan. Upaya untuk mengurangi dampak anemia pada remaja putri yaitu dengan adanya Penyuluhan kesehatan yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang pentingnya tablet tambah darah (Fe). Penyuluhan kesehatan dilakukan dengan metode ceramah. Hasil kegiatan penyuluhan kesehatan dengan memberikan pre test didapatkan saat pre test yang terbanyak dengan pengetahuan rendah sebanyak 18 responden (60 %) dan setelah diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan didapatkan pengetahuan baik meningkat menjadi 24 responden (80%). Dapat diartikan bahwa adanya peningkatan 60% pengetahuan responden setelah diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan penyuluhan kesehatan agar remaja putri mengerti pentingnya tablet tambah darah. Kata kunci: penyuluhan kesehatan; tablet tambah darah; remaja Putri ABSTRACTOne of the problems that occur in young women is anemia. because the lack of Fe supplementation can weaken health, impaired brain development and low immune system, so that learning activities at school become disrupted. Therefore it is necessary to give Fe supplementation. Other than that, young women must also be educated about the impact of anemia. The target of giving fe supplementation tablet nationally is 10% young women with a preventive dose that is young women (10-19 years) or women of childbearing age (15- 45 years) a day 1 tablet per week, so the total Fe supplementation that will be received by young women. Efforts to reduce the impact of anemia on young women namely the existence of health education which aims to increase knowledge and understanding of the importance of Fe supplementation. Health education is conducted by lecturing method.  Results of health education activities during the most pre-test with low knowledge as many as 18 respondents (60%) and after being given health education good knowledge increased to 24 respondents (80%). and can be interpreted that there is an increase of 60% of respondents' knowledge after being given health education. This shows that needed for health education so they would understand the Fe supplementation Keywords:. health dducation; fe supplementation; young women

scholarly journals Environmental Signals on Microglial Function during Brain Development, Neuroplasticity, and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana da Silva Chagas ◽  
Poliana Capucho Sandre ◽  
Natalia Cristina Aparecida Ribeiro e Ribeiro ◽  
Henrique Marcondes ◽  
Priscilla Oliveira Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Microglial Phenotype ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Recent discoveries on the neurobiology of the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia, have been recognized as a growing field of investigation on the interactions between the brain and the immune system. Several environmental contexts such as stress, lesions, infectious diseases, and nutritional and hormonal disorders can interfere with CNS homeostasis, directly impacting microglial physiology. Despite many encouraging discoveries in this field, there are still some controversies that raise issues to be discussed, especially regarding the relationship between the microglial phenotype assumed in distinct contexts and respective consequences in different neurobiological processes, such as disorders of brain development and neuroplasticity. Also, there is an increasing interest in discussing microglial–immune system cross-talk in health and in pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss recent literature concerning microglial function during development and homeostasis. In addition, we explore the contribution of microglia to synaptic disorders mediated by different neuroinflammatory outcomes during pre- and postnatal development, with long-term consequences impacting on the risk and vulnerability to the emergence of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Impact of Prenatal Immune System Disturbances on Brain Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Madhusudan ◽  
Prisca Vogel ◽  
Irene Knuesel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Brain Development

scholarly journals What does immunology have to do with brain development and neuropsychiatric disorders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-253
Author(s):  
James F. Leckman ◽  
Pedro G. de Alvarenga ◽  
Beatriz Ravagnani ◽  
Isaac N. S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Normal Brain Development

Introduction: Neural development is an enormously complex and dynamic process. From very early in brain development ‘immune cells’ play a key role in a number of processes including the formation and refinement of neural circuits, as well as sexual differentiation. There is a growing body of evidence that the immune system also plays an important role in the pathobiology of several neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Objective: The goal of this article is to review the currently available data concerning the role of the ‘immune system’ in normal brain development, as well as its role in the pathobiology of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Methodology: We conducted a traditional literature search using PubMed and recent special issues of journals to locate relevant review articles. Results: The cellular and molecular processes that make up our ‘immune system’ are crucial to normal brain development and the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. It is also increasingly evident that the immune system and neuroinflammation play important roles in the pathobiology of at least a subset of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome and mood disorders, such as depression, as well as autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging evidence also points to the importance of the ‘gut-brain axis’ and an individual’s microbiome, which can impact an individual’s somatic and mental well-being. Conclusions: There are multidirectional interconnections across multiple biological systems in our brains and bodies that are mediated in part by the immune system. At present, however, the ‘promise’ of this field remains greater than the ‘deliverables.’ Time will tell whether novel interventions will be developed that will make a positive difference in the care of our patients. It is also possible that valid biomarkers will emerge that will guide a more personalized approach to treatment.

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