THE DIFFERENT SCREENING METHODS FOR THE CERVICAL LESION DIAGNOSTIC AND THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF SCREENING AMONG FEMALE POPULATION

"The study aims to compare different screening methods that are currently being used to confirm a cervical intraepithelial lesion (CIN) underlying the inherent advantages of the varied examination procedures. In this study we are looking at the quality contrast of the different paraclinical examinations relative to the cost, invasiveness and cultural acceptance of such procedures. Every year, more than 100,000 women in EU countries are diagnosed with cervix uteri cancers (CCU). This type of cancer can be prevented if precancerous cells are detected and treated. HPV is found in over 90% of cervix uteri cancers. In Europe, more than half of the countries have implemented screening programs for cervical cancer, and most European countries now have national HPV vaccination programs, however target populations vary depending on the epidemiological evidence and the budgetary level of each countries health system. In this study we evaluated and compared the current and modern techniques used for cervix cellular diagnostics. Also, this study helps improve the understanding on the economic and social implications of screening among female population and the impact it has on healthcare system relieving. Romania recorded an incidence of 22.6 cases of cervix uteri cancers / 100.000 women (age standardized rate), and a mortality of 9.6 / 100.000, ranking second highest in the EU zone."

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Methods for screening and prevention of HPV infection – a retrospective study

Romanian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.37897/rjid.2021.1.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

Catalina Diana Stanica ◽

◽

Romina Marina Sima ◽

Raluca Gabriela Ioan ◽

Constantin Dimitrie Nanu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Screening Program ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

Hpv Vaccination ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Female Population ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Worldwide, cervical cancer ranks 4th in frequency in the female population, with about half of the cases being fatal. In Romania, it is the second type of cancer found in women, after breast cancer and the main cause of cancer mortality in patients aged between 15 and 44 years. The main cause of this type of cancer is human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Although HPV is very widespread (> 85%), progression to cervical cancer is relatively rare. In countries that have implemented cervical screening programs, the incidence and mortality caused by this pathology have decreased by 50-75%. Also, the emergence of vaccines against the most common strains of oncogenic HPV and the implementation of vaccination programs will bring additional benefits in preventing cervical cancer. This paper presents the results of a retrospective study, performed on a number of 92 patients, which aimed to know the distribution of different HPV genotypes, their impact on the cervical epithelium, the degree of access to the national screening program, and openness to anti HPV vaccination.

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Human papillomavirus vaccination: the population impact

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.10691.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 866 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Lai-yang Lee ◽

Suzanne M. Garland

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

Hpv Vaccination ◽

National Guidelines ◽

Human Papillomavirus Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Screening Programs ◽

National Immunisation ◽

The Impact

We currently have the knowledge and experience to prevent much of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related disease burden globally. In many countries where prophylactic HPV vaccination programs have been adopted as highly effective public health programs with good vaccine coverage, we are already seeing, in real-world settings, reduction of vaccine-related HPV-type infections, genital warts and cervical pre-cancers with potential reductions in vulvar, vaginal and anal pre-cancers. Moreover, we are seeing a change in cervical screening paradigms, as HPV-based screening programs now have strong evidence to support their use as more sensitive ways to detect underlying cervical abnormalities, as compared with conventional cervical cytology. This article describes the impact of prophylactic vaccination on these outcomes and in settings where these vaccines have been implemented in national immunisation programs. Given the successes seen to date and the availability of essential tools, there has been a global push to ensure that every woman has access to effective cervical screening and every girl has the opportunity for primary prevention through vaccination. A gender-neutral approach by offering vaccination to young boys has also been adopted by some countries and is worthy of consideration given that HPV-related cancers also affect males. Furthermore, vaccination of young boys has the advantage of reducing the risk of HPV transmission to sexual partners, lowering the infectious pool of HPV in the general population and ultimately HPV-related diseases for both genders. Therefore, it is appropriate that all countries consider and promote national guidelines and programs to prevent HPV-related diseases.

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Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Europe: The Transition Towards HPV Vaccination and Population-Based HPV Testing

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v10120729 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 729 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Andreas Chrysostomou ◽

Dora Stylianou ◽

Anastasia Constantinidou ◽

Leondios Kostrikis

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Hpv Vaccination ◽

Screening Method ◽

Population Based ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Hpv Testing ◽

Screening Programs

Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequently occurring cancer in women around the world and can affect them during their reproductive years. Since the development of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, screening has been essential in identifying cervical cancer at a treatable stage. With the identification of the human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causative agent of essentially all cervical cancer cases, HPV molecular screening tests and HPV vaccines for primary prevention against the virus have been developed. Accordingly, comparative studies were designed to assess the performance of cervical cancer screening methods in order to devise the best screening strategy possible. This review critically assesses the current cervical cancer screening methods as well as the implementation of HPV vaccination in Europe. The most recent European Guidelines and recommendations for organized population-based programs with HPV testing as the primary screening method are also presented. Lastly, the current landscape of cervical cancer screening programs is assessed for both European Union member states and some associated countries, in regard to the transition towards population-based screening programs with primary HPV testing.

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High-Throughput Genotyping of Oncogenic Human Papilloma Viruses with MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2007.092627 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 86-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Anna Söderlund-Strand ◽

Joakim Dillner ◽

Joyce Carlson

Keyword(s):

High Throughput ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

Blot Hybridization ◽

Hpv Vaccination ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

Comparison Method ◽

Dot Blot ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Cervical Disease

Abstract Background: Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the major cause of cervical cancer. Use of HPV genotyping in cervical screening programs and for monitoring the effectiveness of HPV vaccination programs requires access to economical, high-throughput technology. Methods: We used the Sequenom MassARRAY platform to develop a high-throughput mass spectrometric (MS) method for detecting 14 specific oncogenic HPV genotypes in multiplex PCR products. We compared results from 532 cervical cell samples to the comparison method, reverse dot blot hybridization (RDBH). Results: The MS method detected all samples found positive by RDBH. In addition, the MS method identified 5 cases of cervical disease (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade I or higher) that RDBH analysis had missed. Discrepancies in specific genotypes were noted in 20 samples, all positive by MS, with an overall concordance of κ = 0.945. Conclusions: The MS high-throughput method, with a processing capacity of 10 × 384 samples within 2 working days and at a consumables cost of about US$2 per sample, performed as well as or better than the comparison method.

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The Changing Demographics of Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Southern Alberta from 1982 to 2006

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2012/501340 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. e36-e40

Author(s):

Liana Hwang ◽

Jesse Raffa ◽

Michael John Gill

Keyword(s):

Hiv Testing ◽

Hiv Infections ◽

Hiv Care ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Female Population ◽

Opt Out ◽

Hiv Test ◽

Southern Alberta ◽

The Impact

INTRODUCTION: Women account for a growing proportion of HIV infections in Canada. This has implications with respect to prevention, diagnosis and treatment.OBJECTIVE: To describe the female population presenting for HIV care in southern Alberta and to examine the impact of opt-out pregnancy screening.METHODS: A retrospective review of demographic and clinical characteristics of all patients presenting to the Southern Alberta HIV Clinic (SAC) care program from 1982 to 2006, was performed.RESULTS: The proportion of newly diagnosed patients who were female increased from 7.5% before 1998 to 21.5% after 1998. Women were more likely to be from vulnerable populations, such as intravenous drug users (31.3% versus 13.7%, P<0.001), aboriginals/Métis (21.5% versus 8.7%, P<0.001), blacks (28.9% versus 4.9%, P<0.001) and immigrants (36.6% versus 14.7%, P<0.001). Heterosexual intercourse was the main risk factor for HIV acquisition (43.7%). Women were less likely than men to have requested HIV testing (20.9% versus 37.8%, P<0.001). Opt-out pregnancy screening accounted for 12.7% of HIV-positive tests in women, following its introduction in 1998. Of the women diagnosed by pregnancy screening, 62.1% were from HIV-endemic countries. There was an association between reason for testing and CD4 count at presentation; women who requested their HIV test had higher median CD4 counts than those diagnosed because of illness (478 cells/mL, interquartile range [IQR]=370 cells/mL versus 174 cells/mL, IQR=328 cells/mL, P<0.001) or pregnancy screening (478 cells/mL, IQR=370 cells/mL versus 271 cells/mL, IQR=256 cells/mL, P=0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Women were less likely than men to have requested HIV testing and were more likely to be diagnosed by population-based screening methods. Women, especially vulnerable groups, account for a growing number and proportion of newly diagnosed HIV infections in Alberta. The implications of expanded screening in this population merit further consideration.

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Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Promises and Challenges of HPV Vaccination

10.20944/preprints201807.0217.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Eleanor Black ◽

Robyn Richmond

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Hpv Vaccination ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Current Status ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Ssa Countries

In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), cervical cancer is a critical public health issue; it is the second leading cause of cancer among women and the leading cause of female cancer deaths. Incidence and mortality rates are substantially higher than in high-income countries with population-based screening programs, yet implementing screening programs in SSA has so far proven to be challenging due to financial, logistical and sociocultural factors. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is an effective approach for primary prevention of cervical cancer and presents an opportunity to reduce the burden from cervical cancer in SSA. With a number of SSA countries now eligible for GAVI support for vaccine introduction, it is timely to consider the factors that impede and facilitate implementation of vaccine programs in SSA. This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical features of cervical cancer in SSA and describes the current status of HPV vaccine implementation in SSA countries. The review considers the challenges that will need to be addressed, and effective approaches to the design and implementation of HPV vaccination programs, using Rwanda as a case study. The review aims to provide suggestions and guidance to those involved in the development and implementation of HPV vaccination programs in SSA.

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Cervical Cancer, Human Papillomavirus Infection, and Vaccine-Related Knowledge

Cancer Control ◽

10.1177/1073274818799306 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 107327481879930 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Li Yuanyue ◽

Zulqarnain Baloch ◽

Li Shanshan ◽

Nafeesa Yasmeen ◽

Wu Xiaomei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Hpv Vaccine ◽

Chinese Women ◽

Hpv Vaccination ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Female Population ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Papillomavirus Infection ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Cervical cancer (CC) has a high incidence and mortality and is accompanied by lack of organized CC screening programs, lack of health-care facilities, and a lack of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among female population in the world, particularly China. We recruited 487 females who visited the outpatient department of the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province from November 2015 to January 2016 to complete a standardized-designed questionnaire. We found that only 39.6% of the females knew about the role of HPVs in the development of cervical cancer. Moreover, none of the females knew that HPV could cause penile carcinomas, perianal carcinomas, and head and neck carcinomas. The majority of the participants acquired information about cervical cancer, HPV, and the HPV vaccine from medical workers. Only 15.6% of the recruited females had heard about the HPV vaccine. The overall HPV vaccine acceptance rate was higher (91.2%) if the vaccine was available free of cost. In this study, we found high acceptability of the HPV vaccine in Chinese women and high awareness about cervical cancer. However, very low levels of knowledge about HPVs and their role in cancer development among the recruited women is alarming. Therefore, it is very important to initiate educational programs to raise awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer, HPV, and the HPV vaccine in this region.

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CERVICAL CANCER AND OTHER HPV ASSOCIATED TUMORS IN RUSSIA

Problems in oncology ◽

10.37469/0507-3758-2020-66-4-325-335 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 325-335

Author(s):

David Zaridze ◽

Dmitriy Maksimovich ◽

Ivan Stilidi

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Hpv Vaccination ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Hpv Testing ◽

Female Population ◽

Subsequent Decrease ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Associated Tumors

The incidence of cervical cancer in Russia is one of the highest in Europe. At the same time, in European countries, the incidence of other HPV-associated tumors is as low as in Russia. The incidence of cervical cancer is declining in most countries of the world. Unfortunately, in our country, a decrease in the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer before the early 1990s was replaced by an increase in these rates. This trend will continue and reach fairly high numbers in 2030. The increase and subsequent decrease in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer, which has been observed in developed countries for several decades, is largely the result of population cytological screening with coverage of 70-80% of the female population of the corresponding age. In our country cytological testing organized in the polyclinics, which covered a significant proportion of working women and which, as you know, has been introduced into healthcare practice since 1976, has led only to a temporary decrease in the incidence of cervical cancer. Unfortunately, in the late 1980s, this program ceased to exist and, consequently, a decrease in the incidence of cervical cancer was replaced by its growth. So called dispanserisation, which is presently in place, which includes cytological screening of cervical cancer, has not yet led to the expected results. Despite the fact that the goal of our article is not to evaluate the effectiveness of various screening methods, we consider it necessary to note that screening with HPV testing, which according to randomized trials, is much more effective than cytological examination is widely used in most countries, in combination with HPV vaccination. Prevention of cervical cancer includes: a) mandatory vaccination against HPV in adolescence (11-13 years); b) screening based on HPV testing.

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Perspectives of primary healthcare providers on implementing cancer screening services in tribal block of Maharashtra, India

South Asian Journal of Cancer ◽

10.4103/sajc.sajc_290_18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 08 (03) ◽

pp. 145-149

Author(s):

Anushree D. Patil ◽

Neha R. Salvi ◽

Begum Shahina ◽

A. Sharmila Pimple ◽

A. Gauravi Mishra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Screening ◽

Screening Program ◽

Hpv Vaccination ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Continuous Medical Education ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Oral Cancers ◽

Tribal Areas

Abstract Background: Breast, cervical, and oral cancers contribute to majority of cancer deaths among women in India. However, there is poor implementation of screening programs at primary health care (PHC). There is a need to understand the perspectives of healthcare providers at PHC level for feasibility of implementation of a cost-effective cancer screening program, particularly in the rural and tribal areas that are under served by cancer services. Materials and Methods: A continuous medical education (CME) program on “Prevention and early detection of common cancers” was held for all Medical Officers of Palghar District, Maharashtra. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitude, practices, perspectives regarding common cancers, screening methods, and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination. A pre- and post-assessment was carried out before the commencement and on completion of the CME among 76 participants. Results: Knowledge about etiology of common cancers was high; however, awareness of risk factors was low. There were knowledge gaps about HPV vaccination. There was overall improvement about the available screening methods and knowledge of HPV vaccine and dosages after the CME (pretest 65% to posttest 95%). Providers had no experience in performing cervical cancer screening on a routine basis. While the majority of the providers (97%) indicated that screening for cancer was essential and feasible at PHC level; however, training (52%) and resources (53%) would be needed. Conclusion: Healthcare providers though from the underserved tribal areas, were optimistic to implement screening for common cancers and were willing to take training for the same. This emphasizes the need for educating and training the healthcare providers with simple techniques for effective implementation of cancer screening programs in underserved areas.

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Systematic literature review of the impact and effectiveness of monovalent meningococcal C conjugated vaccines when used in routine immunization programs

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-09946-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Myint Tin Tin Htar ◽

Sally Jackson ◽

Paul Balmer ◽

Lidia Cristina Serra ◽

Andrew Vyse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

Meningococcal Disease ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Routine Immunization ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

Disease Evolution ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Monovalent meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (MCCV) was introduced into the routine immunization program in many countries in Europe and worldwide following the emergence of meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) in the late 1990s. This systematic literature review summarizes the immediate and long-term impact and effectiveness of the different MCCV vaccination schedules and strategies employed. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search for peer-reviewed, scientific publications in the databases of MEDLINE (via PubMed), LILACS, and SCIELO. We included studies from countries where MCCV have been introduced in routine vaccination programs and studies providing the impact and effectiveness of MCCV published between 1st January 2001 and 31st October 2017. Results Forty studies were included in the review; 30 studies reporting impact and 17 reporting effectiveness covering 9 countries (UK, Spain, Italy, Canada, Brazil, Australia, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands). Following MCCV introduction, significant and immediate reduction of MenC incidence was consistently observed in vaccine eligible ages in all countries with high vaccine uptake. The reduction in non-vaccine eligible ages (especially population > 65 years) through herd protection was generally observed 3–4 years following introduction. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was mostly assessed through screening methods and ranged from 38 to 100%. The VE was generally highest during the first year after vaccination and waned over time. The VE was better maintained in countries employing catch-up campaigns in older children and adolescents, compared to routine infant only schedules. Conclusions MCCV were highly effective, showing a substantial and sustained decrease in MenC invasive meningococcal disease. The epidemiology of meningococcal disease is in constant transition, and some vaccination programs now include adolescents and higher valent vaccines due to the recent increase in cases caused by serogroups not covered by MCCV. Continuous monitoring of meningococcal disease is essential to understand disease evolution in the setting of different vaccination programs.

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