scholarly journals CNS Stimulant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Cns Stimulant

Self-Injurious Behavior vs. Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Bloom ◽  
Shareen Holly ◽  
Adam M. P. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Cns Stimulant ◽  
Nonsuicidal Self Injury

Background: Historically, the field of self-injury has distinguished between the behaviors exhibited among individuals with a developmental disability (self-injurious behaviors; SIB) and those present within a normative population (nonsuicidal self-injury; NSSI),which typically result as a response to perceived stress. More recently, however, conclusions about NSSI have been drawn from lines of animal research aimed at examining the neurobiological mechanisms of SIB. Despite some functional similarity between SIB and NSSI, no empirical investigation has provided precedent for the application of SIB-targeted animal research as justification for pharmacological interventions in populations demonstrating NSSI. Aims: The present study examined this question directly, by simulating an animal model of SIB in rodents injected with pemoline and systematically manipulating stress conditions in order to monitor rates of self-injury. Methods: Sham controls and experimental animals injected with pemoline (200 mg/kg) were assigned to either a low stress (discriminated positive reinforcement) or high stress (discriminated avoidance) group and compared on the dependent measures of self-inflicted injury prevalence and severity. Results: The manipulation of stress conditions did not impact the rate of self-injury demonstrated by the rats. The results do not support a model of stress-induced SIB in rodents. Conclusions: Current findings provide evidence for caution in the development of pharmacotherapies of NSSI in human populations based on CNS stimulant models. Theoretical implications are discussed with respect to antecedent factors such as preinjury arousal level and environmental stress.

CNS Stimulant Controversies

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Levy
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Central Nervous System Stimulant ◽  
Stimulant Medications ◽  
Cns Stimulant

Controversies in the use of central nervous system stimulant medications in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are discussed. Diagnostic issues, age of optimal use, side effects, effects on learning and ethical considerations are current issues. An animal model for the effects of chronic long-term high dose regimes is proposed.

The ABCs of CNS Stimulant Misuse

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (03) ◽  
pp. e315-e316
Author(s):  
James G. Waxmonsky
Keyword(s):  
Cns Stimulant

scholarly journals Application of Green Chemistry Principle in Synthesis of Phenytoin and Its Biogical Evaluation as Anticonvulsant Agents

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (s1) ◽  
pp. S47-S52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijit Kadam ◽  
Sampada Jangam ◽  
Rajesh Oswal
Keyword(s):  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Anticonvulsant Activity ◽  
Extra Cost ◽  
Green Solvent ◽  
Anticonvulsant Agents ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Nmr Data ◽  
Anticonvulsant Agent ◽  
Seizure Models ◽  
Cns Stimulant

Phenytoin (5,5'-dipenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione) is the prime example of anticonvulsant agent. According to reported procedure, it is synthesized by condensation of benzil and urea in presence of base (30% w/v NaOH) using ethanol as solvent which itself acts as CNS stimulant. Removal of solvent after synthesis is most difficult and non-assured process. In case of phenytoin transformation in polymorphism plays an important role when solvent other than water is used. About 30% extra cost is calculated if solvent other than water is used. Therefore by application of green chemistry principle phenytoin was synthesized by condensation of benzil and urea in presence of base (30% NaOH) and water as green solvent. This compound was characterized on the basis of its spectral (IR,1H NMR) data and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity using MES induced and PTZ induced seizure models in Swiss albino mice. Significant anticonvulsant activity was found by using 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of phenytoin compared with standard phenytoin at 25 mg/kg dose.

Phytopharmaceutical Applications of Nutraceutical and Functional Foods

2019 ◽  
pp. 182-204
Author(s):  
Dhan Prakash ◽  
Charu Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Functional Foods ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Herbal Formulations ◽  
Cns Stimulant

Nutraceuticals are actually “Bioactive herbal formulations” that contains selective combinations of specific bioactive constituents of plants and/or their parts that possess health-promotive, disease preventing and medicinal properties. The important phytochemical constituents commonly found in plants are polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, anthocyanidins, carotenoids, fibers, limonoids, glucosinolates, phytoestrogens, phytosterols and terpenoids. They play positive pharmacological activities in human health such as antioxidant activity, anti-microbial activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-spasmodic, chemo-preventive, hepato-protective, neuro-protective, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, anti-aging, diabetes, osteoporosis, repair DNA damage, heart diseases, diuretic, Central Nervous System (CNS) stimulant, immuno-modulator, carminative, Thus the present chapter summarizes the phyto-pharmaceutical applications of nutraceuticals and functional foods and would lay emphasis on its importance for future generations for their well-being.

The Effect of Chronic Dosing with Caffeine and Placebo on the Cns Stimulant Effects of Theophylline in Elderly Patients with Stable Airways Disease

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. P20-P20
Author(s):  
R.J. Geraghty ◽  
S.H.D. Jackson ◽  
C.G. Swift ◽  
V. Maskrey
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Cns Stimulant

Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anti-pyretic, Anti-ulcer and CNS Stimulant Activities of Marine Fungi Aspergillus oryzae

Pharmacologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 359-364
Author(s):  
K. Karunakara ◽  
P. Raja ◽  
K. Diraviyara ◽  
A. Murugan
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Cns Stimulant

scholarly journals 0774 Factors Associated With The Continuous Use Of Psychotropic Treatments For Narcolepsy

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A294-A295
Author(s):  
M M Ohayon ◽  
A D Krystal ◽  
J Black ◽  
C M Shapiro ◽  
S Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Excessive Sleepiness ◽  
Cns Stimulants ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Chronic Use ◽  
Cns Stimulant

Abstract Introduction Narcolepsy is a debilitating disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness and cataplexy episodes. There is no cure for this disease. Current treatments focus on controlling the symptoms with CNS stimulants for sleepiness and antidepressants and/or CNS depressants for cataplexy. This study examines the factors that can contribute to the cessation of narcolepsy treatment. Methods The study includes 291 narcoleptic individuals who were interviewed twice, approximately five to seven years apart, in Wave 1 (W1) and Wave 2 (W2). Telephone interviews were conducted with the help of the Sleep-EVAL system; narcolepsy individuals were initially evaluated and diagnosed by a Sleep Specialist. Results At W1, 49.2% of narcoleptic individuals were taking a CNS stimulant; at W2, 37% of narcoleptic individuals were taking a CNS stimulant. The use was chronic (i.e., present at W2 and W1) for 52.7% of the W2 subjects. CNS depressants were used by 19.1% at W1 and 17% at W2. Of the W1 subjects, 67.6% still reported using CNS depressants at W2. In terms of antidepressants, 38.6% and 29.6% of subjects reported using these medications at W1 and W2 respectively. Of those taking antidepressants at W2, 58.9% reported chronic use (ie, were also on antidepressants at W1). At least one of the aforementioned medication classes was used by 72% of participants at W1 and 56.1% at W2. Chronicity of nocturnal awakenings (RR: 2.7), the frequency of cataplexy episodes (RR: 2.3) and the chronicity of hypnopompic hallucinations (RR: 2.8) were associated with long-term use of narcolepsy treatment. Conclusion Narcolepsy treatments are mostly taken to long term. Some narcoleptics individuals were able to reduce or stop treatment either because the intensity of symptoms decreased or because they developed coping mechanisms to deal with the symptoms. Support NIH (R01NS044199), the Arrillaga Foundation and Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Human abuse liability evaluation of CNS stimulant drugs

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myroslava K. Romach ◽  
Kerri A. Schoedel ◽  
Edward M. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Abuse Liability ◽  
Stimulant Drugs ◽  
Cns Stimulant

Electrophysiological and biochemical responses of noradrenergic neurons to a non-amphetamine CNS stimulant

1979 ◽  
Vol 166 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight C. German ◽  
Manjit K. Sanghera ◽  
R. Sanford Kiser ◽  
Brian A. McMillen ◽  
Parkhurst A. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Noradrenergic Neurons ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Cns Stimulant
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