scholarly journals Outbreak of alimentary tick-borne encephalitis in Podlaskie voivodeship, Poland

2019 ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Emilia Król ◽  
Bartłomiej Borawski ◽  
Anna Nowicka-Ciełuszecka ◽  
Jadwiga Tarasiuk ◽  
Joanna Zajkowska
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Infected Tick ◽  
Unpasteurized Milk ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Clinical Description ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Medical University

INTRODUCTION. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus remains one of the main etiological agents of central nervous system infections in Europe. The disease occurs endemically in Central and Eastern Europe, Southern part of Russia and Scandinavia. Between 2000 and 2015 there were 3 662 registered TBE cases in Poland and approximately 45% of them were reported in Podlaskie voivodeship. TBE typically develops as a result of being bitten by infected tick, however, it can also be a consequence of ingestion of unpasteurized milk from viremic animal. OBJECTIVES. The aim of the article was to underline to the importance of TBE virus transmission via alimentary route and clinical description of four patients who developed TBE as a result of raw goat milk consumption. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A retrospective analysis of documentation of four patients hospitalized in Observational-Infectious Department of Independent Public Healthcare Centre in Hajnówka and Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections at the Medical University of Bialystok from June 10th 2017 to July 11th 2017 due to alimentary TBE. RESULTS. Patients were between 24 and 36 years of age. They have consumed goat milk from the same source. None of the patients have been vaccinated against TBE virus. In all patients typical biphasic disease course with the presence of prodromal and neurological phase was observed. TBE was confirmed by demonstration of anti-TBE antibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid of patients. CONCLUSIONS. Diagnosis of TBE should be considered in every case of encephalitis in endemic areas. Due to the risk of TBE infection after consumption of unpasteurized milk from livestock, it is crucial to raise awareness of general population and farm owners about the possibility of TBE infection via alimentary route.

scholarly journals Operational TBE incidence forecasts for Austria, Germany, and Switzerland 2019-2021

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Rubel ◽  
Katharina Brugger
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
First Time

In spring 2019, forecasts of the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) for the next two years, i.e. 2019 and 2020, were made for the first time. For this purpose, negative binomial regression models with 4-5 predictors were fitted to the time series of annual human TBE incidences from Austria, Germany and Switzerland. The most important predictor for TBE incidences is the fructification index of the European beech (Fagus sylvatica) 2 years prior as a proxi for the intensity of the TBE virus transmission cycle. These forecasts were repeated in spring 2020 after the updated predictors and the confirmed TBE cases for 2019 became available. Forecasting TBE incidences for 2020 and 2021 results in 156±19 and 131±23 TBE cases for Austria, 663±95 and 543±112 TBE cases for Germany as well as 472±56 and 350±62 TBE cases for Switzerland. The newly implemented operational TBE forecasts will be verified every year with confirmed TBE cases. An initial verification for 2019 demonstrates the high reliability of the forecasts.

Incidence from coincidence: patterns of tick infestations on rodents facilitate transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. RANDOLPH ◽  
D. MIKLISOVÁ ◽  
J. LYSY ◽  
D. J. ROGERS ◽  
M. LABUDA
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Systemic Infections

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus has a highly focal distribution through Eurasia. Endemic cycles appear to depend on the transmission of non-systemic infections between ticks co-feeding on the same rodent hosts. The particular features of seasonal dynamics and infestation patterns of larval and nymphal Ixodes ricinus, but not Dermacentor reticulatus, from 4 regions within TBE foci in Slovakia, are such as to promote TBE virus transmission. The distributions of larvae and nymphs on their principal rodent hosts are highly aggregated and, rather than being independent, the distributions of each stage are coincident so that the same ca. 20% of hosts feed about three-quarters of both larvae and nymphs. This results in twice the number of infectible larvae feeding alongside potentially infected nymphs compared with the null hypothesis of independent distributions. Overall, co-feeding transmission under these circumstances brings the reproductive number (R0) for TBE virus to a level that accounts quantitatively for maintained endemic cycles. Essential for coincident aggregated distributions of larvae and nymphs is their synchronous seasonal activity. Preliminary comparisons support the prediction of a greater degree of coincident seasonality within recorded TBE foci than outside. This identifies the particular climatic factors that permit such patterns of tick seasonal dynamics as the primary predictors for the focal distribution of TBE.

scholarly journals Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination Protects from Alimentary TBE Infection: Results from an Alimentary Outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 889
Author(s):  
Lidia Chitimia-Dobler ◽  
Alexander Lindau ◽  
Rainer Oehme ◽  
Malena Bestehorn-Willmann ◽  
Markus Antwerpen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Public Health Office ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
The One

In May 2017, a hospitalized index case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was confirmed by Serology. The case was linked to alimentary infection by raw milk from a goat farm in the region of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, where no previous TBE cases in the area had been reported before. The TBE focus was confirmed by isolation of the TBE virus from ticks and Serological confirmation of past infection in one of the five flock goats. Additional investigations by the local public health office identified 27 consumers of goat milk at the putative period of exposure. For 20/27 exposed persons, anamnestic information was gained by the local public health office. Twelve/fourteen exposed and non-vaccinated people developed clinical illness and were confirmed as TBE cases by Serology. Five/six vaccinated and exposed people did not develop the disease. The one exposed and vaccinated person had their last TBE vaccination booster more than 15 years ago, and therefore a booster was more than 10 years overdue. None of the regularly vaccinated and exposed persons developed clinical overt TBE infection. We report the first known TBE outbreak, during which, protection by TBE vaccination against alimentary TBE infection was demonstrated.

scholarly journals A cluster of two human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) transmitted by unpasteurised goat milk and cheese in Germany, May 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
SO Brockmann ◽  
R Oehme ◽  
T Buckenmaier ◽  
M Beer ◽  
A Jeffery-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Amino Acid Homology ◽  
E Gene ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus

In May 2016, two cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were confirmed by serology (positive IgM and IgG antibodies against TBE virus (TBEV) in serum), with a possible link to raw milk and cheese from a goat farm in a region in Baden-Württemberg, Germany not previously known as TBE-endemic. The outbreak investigation identified 32 consumers of goat dairy products (29 consumers, one farm employee, two owners) of whom none had IgM antibodies against TBEV 3–8 weeks after consumption. Of the 27 notified TBE cases in the State, none reported consumption of raw goat milk or cheese from the suspected farm. Five of 22 cheese samples from 18 different batches were RT-qPCR-positive for TBEV -genome, and two of the five samples were confirmed by virus isolation, indicating viability of TBEV in the cheese. Nine of the 45 goats had neutralising TBEV antibodies, two of them with a high titre indicating recent infection. One of 412 Ixodes ricinus was RT-qPCR-positive, and sequencing of the E gene from nucleic acid extracted from the tick confirmed TBEV. Phylogenetic analyses of tick and cheese isolates showed 100% amino acid homology in the E gene and a close relation to TBEV strains from Switzerland and Austria.

scholarly journals Flaviviruses at the territory of Serbia – present situation and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamaš Petrović ◽  
Milanko Šekler ◽  
Dušan Petrić ◽  
Dejan Vidanović ◽  
Aleksandar Potkonjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

The aim of this study is to summarize the data on the occurrence, presence and prevalence of some zoonotic flaviviruses, which have been actively circulating in the territory of the Republic of Serbia during past decade. The genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae,encompasses vector-transmitted viruses with zoonotic potential. The genus is comprised of more than 70 viruses transmitted to humans by mosquitoes and ticks. Some of those are associated only with human diseases (such as yellow fever and dengue fever), whereas others can cause diseases in both humans and animals. Animals are major reservoirs and primary hosts for the latter group. The virus transmission to other animal species or humans occurs via diverse vectors – mostly mosquitoes and ticks. A range of these virus species is widely distributed worldwide, especially in tropical and sub-tropical climatic zones. Some representatives of these species have only recently been identified at the territory of Republic of Serbia. This paper gives an evidence on the presence and distribution of West-Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and Usutu virus that were conducted within the study in Serbia. The research pointed out the presence of recently detected West-Nile virus and Usutu virus as well as the current circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus, for which only limited serological evidence on the presence of virus-specific antibodies in humans was available so far. In the aspect of public health, the full understanding of the importance of identification and prevalence of different flaviviruses still require further comprehensive entomologicalacarological, seroepidemiological, clinical and virological research. 

scholarly journals A one health approach to investigating an outbreak of alimentary tick-borne encephalitis in a non-endemic area in France (Ain, Eastern France): a longitudinal serological study in livestock, detection in ticks, and the first TBE virus isolation and molecular characterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaelle Gonzalez ◽  
Laure Bournez ◽  
Rayane Amaral Moraes ◽  
Marine Dumarest ◽  
Clemence Galon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Wooded Area ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Questing Ticks ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Full Length Genome

Tick borne encephalitis virus geographic range and human incidence is increasing throughout Europe, putting a number of non-endemic regions and countries at risk of outbreaks. In spring 2020, there was an outbreak of TBE in Ain, Eastern France, where the virus had never been detected before. All patients but one had consumed traditional unpasteurized raw goat cheese from a local producer. We conducted an investigation in the suspected farm using an integrative One Health approach. Our methodology included (i) the detection of virus in cheese and milk products, (ii) serological testing of all animals in the suspected farm and surrounding farms, (iii) an analysis of the landscape and localisation of wooded area, (iv) the capture of questing ticks and small mammals for virus detection and estimating enzootic hazard, and (v) virus isolation and genome sequencing. This approach allowed us to confirm the alimentary origin of the TBE outbreak and to witness in real time the seroconversion of recently exposed individuals and the excretion of virus in goat milk. In addition, we identified a wooded focus area where and around which there is a risk of TBEV exposure. We provide the first TBEV isolate responsible for as a source of dietary contamination in France, obtained its full-length genome sequence, and found that it does not cluster very closely neither with the isolate circulating in Alsace nor with any other isolate within the European lineage. TBEV is now a notifiable human disease in France, which should facilitate surveillance of TBEV incidence and distribution throughout France.

scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Goats with Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and the Possibilities to Prevent Virus Transmission by Raw Goat Milk

Intervirology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Balogh ◽  
László Egyed ◽  
Emőke Ferenczi ◽  
Enikő Bán ◽  
Katalin N. Szomor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals Increasing evidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus transmission, the Netherlands, June 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriaan CG Weststrate ◽  
Daan Knapen ◽  
Gozewijn D Laverman ◽  
Bart Schot ◽  
Jan JW Prick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
The Common ◽  
Virus Strains

We present a case of endemic tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) occurring in June 2016 in the eastern part of the Netherlands in an area where a strain of TBE virus, genetically different from the common TBE virus strains in Europe, was reported in ticks in 2016. With the start of the tick season in spring, this second autochthonous Dutch TBE case should remind physicians to consider the possibility of endemic TBE in patients with respective symptoms.

TBE in Croatia

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tick Species ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Notifiable Disease ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Central European ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
European Subtype

Even though tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a notifiable disease in Croatia since 2007, there are no or only limited data available on the occurring tick species in the endemic areas, on the prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) in ticks, its distribution in Croatia, and its genetic characteristics. Reporting of human cases also is very scarce. The Central European subtype of virus (TBEV-EU) appears to be present in Croatia

TBE in Moldova

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelm Erber ◽  
Tamara Vuković Janković
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Data ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus

Although there are no reliable data on the number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases or the percentage of infected ticks, based on the geography and the presence of TBE virus (TBEV) in all neighboring countries, it must be assumed that TBEV is present anywhere in Moldova.

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