scholarly journals Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination Protects from Alimentary TBE Infection: Results from an Alimentary Outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 889
Author(s):  
Lidia Chitimia-Dobler ◽  
Alexander Lindau ◽  
Rainer Oehme ◽  
Malena Bestehorn-Willmann ◽  
Markus Antwerpen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Public Health Office ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
The One

In May 2017, a hospitalized index case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was confirmed by Serology. The case was linked to alimentary infection by raw milk from a goat farm in the region of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, where no previous TBE cases in the area had been reported before. The TBE focus was confirmed by isolation of the TBE virus from ticks and Serological confirmation of past infection in one of the five flock goats. Additional investigations by the local public health office identified 27 consumers of goat milk at the putative period of exposure. For 20/27 exposed persons, anamnestic information was gained by the local public health office. Twelve/fourteen exposed and non-vaccinated people developed clinical illness and were confirmed as TBE cases by Serology. Five/six vaccinated and exposed people did not develop the disease. The one exposed and vaccinated person had their last TBE vaccination booster more than 15 years ago, and therefore a booster was more than 10 years overdue. None of the regularly vaccinated and exposed persons developed clinical overt TBE infection. We report the first known TBE outbreak, during which, protection by TBE vaccination against alimentary TBE infection was demonstrated.

scholarly journals A cluster of two human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) transmitted by unpasteurised goat milk and cheese in Germany, May 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
SO Brockmann ◽  
R Oehme ◽  
T Buckenmaier ◽  
M Beer ◽  
A Jeffery-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Amino Acid Homology ◽  
E Gene ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus

In May 2016, two cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were confirmed by serology (positive IgM and IgG antibodies against TBE virus (TBEV) in serum), with a possible link to raw milk and cheese from a goat farm in a region in Baden-Württemberg, Germany not previously known as TBE-endemic. The outbreak investigation identified 32 consumers of goat dairy products (29 consumers, one farm employee, two owners) of whom none had IgM antibodies against TBEV 3–8 weeks after consumption. Of the 27 notified TBE cases in the State, none reported consumption of raw goat milk or cheese from the suspected farm. Five of 22 cheese samples from 18 different batches were RT-qPCR-positive for TBEV -genome, and two of the five samples were confirmed by virus isolation, indicating viability of TBEV in the cheese. Nine of the 45 goats had neutralising TBEV antibodies, two of them with a high titre indicating recent infection. One of 412 Ixodes ricinus was RT-qPCR-positive, and sequencing of the E gene from nucleic acid extracted from the tick confirmed TBEV. Phylogenetic analyses of tick and cheese isolates showed 100% amino acid homology in the E gene and a close relation to TBEV strains from Switzerland and Austria.

scholarly journals Outbreak of alimentary tick-borne encephalitis in Podlaskie voivodeship, Poland

2019 ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Emilia Król ◽  
Bartłomiej Borawski ◽  
Anna Nowicka-Ciełuszecka ◽  
Jadwiga Tarasiuk ◽  
Joanna Zajkowska
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Infected Tick ◽  
Unpasteurized Milk ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Clinical Description ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Medical University

INTRODUCTION. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus remains one of the main etiological agents of central nervous system infections in Europe. The disease occurs endemically in Central and Eastern Europe, Southern part of Russia and Scandinavia. Between 2000 and 2015 there were 3 662 registered TBE cases in Poland and approximately 45% of them were reported in Podlaskie voivodeship. TBE typically develops as a result of being bitten by infected tick, however, it can also be a consequence of ingestion of unpasteurized milk from viremic animal. OBJECTIVES. The aim of the article was to underline to the importance of TBE virus transmission via alimentary route and clinical description of four patients who developed TBE as a result of raw goat milk consumption. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A retrospective analysis of documentation of four patients hospitalized in Observational-Infectious Department of Independent Public Healthcare Centre in Hajnówka and Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections at the Medical University of Bialystok from June 10th 2017 to July 11th 2017 due to alimentary TBE. RESULTS. Patients were between 24 and 36 years of age. They have consumed goat milk from the same source. None of the patients have been vaccinated against TBE virus. In all patients typical biphasic disease course with the presence of prodromal and neurological phase was observed. TBE was confirmed by demonstration of anti-TBE antibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid of patients. CONCLUSIONS. Diagnosis of TBE should be considered in every case of encephalitis in endemic areas. Due to the risk of TBE infection after consumption of unpasteurized milk from livestock, it is crucial to raise awareness of general population and farm owners about the possibility of TBE infection via alimentary route.

TBE in Czech Republic

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus Ticks ◽  
South Moravia

The TBE virus (TBEV) was first isolated in the Czech Republic by Czech scientists in 1948-1949 from both a patient and also from Ixodes ricinus ticks. However, even before 1948, etiologically unclear summer cases of viral meningoencephalitis had been reported, and likely, at least in part, they are attributable to the TBE virus. These cases were reported mostly from patients in the districts of Beroun (Central Bohemia), Hradec Králové (East Bohemia), Vyškov (South Moravia), and occasionally from the neighborhood of Prague. The official reports of these probable cases of ”tick-borne encephalitis” were registered in the database of the National Institute of Public Health in Prague since 1945.

TBE in the Czech Republic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Pazdiora
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus Ticks ◽  
South Moravia

The TBE virus (TBEV) was first isolated in the Czech Republic by Czech scientists in 1948-1949 from both a patient and also from Ixodes ricinus ticks.1 However, even before 1948, etiologically unclear summer cases of viral meningoencephalitis had been reported, and likely, at least in part, they are attributable to the TBE virus. These cases were reported mostly from patients in the districts of Beroun (Central Bohemia), Hradec Králové (East Bohemia), Vyškov (South Moravia), and occasionally from the neighborhood of Prague. The official reports of these probable cases of ”tick-borne encephalitis” were registered in the database of the National Institute of Public Health in Prague since 1945.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the presence of Aflatoxin-M1 in milk samples sold in the region of Campinas-SP

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A C de Souza Zocante ◽  
S J de Souza ◽  
V F de Souza Rodrigues ◽  
M L Caminada ◽  
L O Palaria Joaquim
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
National Health ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Hydroxylated Metabolite

Abstract Milk and its derivatives are fundamental foods in the human diet. However, milk is highly susceptible to microbial contamination, among which is Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), presenting a risk to public health. Aflatoxin M1 is the main hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 present in the milk of animals that have ingested feed contaminated with B1. These toxins have carcinogenic and genotoxic potential and similar toxicities. According to Resolution RDC 07/2011, published by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), the level of tolerance for AFM1 is 0.5 µg / Kg in Brazil. The present study aimed to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples, being 2 samples of bovine milk and one sample of goat milk. The raw, bovine and goat milk samples were purchased from local stores and were kept at approximately 5 ºC for 8 hours and subsequently frozen at 6 ºC for conservation purposes. The tests were carried out at the premises of Hexis Científica, Av. Antonieta Piva Barranqueiros, 385 - Distrito Industial - Jundiaí-SP, which provided training and use of the laboratory. The Scientific Charm Kits, Test SLAFMQ-EZ-20K were used. It is a quantitative test that uses ROSA immunoreceptors (Rapid Assay Step One) lateral flow technology. The milk sample interacts with colored spheres and the intensity of the color in the test area and is read as ppt (parts per trillion) by the reader. According to the analyzes, all the samples studied presented Aflatoxin M1, with a concentration of 2,507 ppb; 2,410 ppb; 2,627 ppb, respectively for bovine and caprine milk samples, which characterizes a concentration five times above the allowed by the current legislation, according to RDC 07/2011, published by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Key messages According to studies, most of the negative results obtained on the incidence of aflatoxin M1 can be attributed to the low sensitivity of the analytical methods employed. The presence of Aflatoxins M1, represents a public health issue, since milk is among the products most consumed by man and, constituting the basis of infant feeding.

scholarly journals A one health approach to investigating an outbreak of alimentary tick-borne encephalitis in a non-endemic area in France (Ain, Eastern France): a longitudinal serological study in livestock, detection in ticks, and the first TBE virus isolation and molecular characterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaelle Gonzalez ◽  
Laure Bournez ◽  
Rayane Amaral Moraes ◽  
Marine Dumarest ◽  
Clemence Galon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Wooded Area ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Questing Ticks ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Full Length Genome

Tick borne encephalitis virus geographic range and human incidence is increasing throughout Europe, putting a number of non-endemic regions and countries at risk of outbreaks. In spring 2020, there was an outbreak of TBE in Ain, Eastern France, where the virus had never been detected before. All patients but one had consumed traditional unpasteurized raw goat cheese from a local producer. We conducted an investigation in the suspected farm using an integrative One Health approach. Our methodology included (i) the detection of virus in cheese and milk products, (ii) serological testing of all animals in the suspected farm and surrounding farms, (iii) an analysis of the landscape and localisation of wooded area, (iv) the capture of questing ticks and small mammals for virus detection and estimating enzootic hazard, and (v) virus isolation and genome sequencing. This approach allowed us to confirm the alimentary origin of the TBE outbreak and to witness in real time the seroconversion of recently exposed individuals and the excretion of virus in goat milk. In addition, we identified a wooded focus area where and around which there is a risk of TBEV exposure. We provide the first TBEV isolate responsible for as a source of dietary contamination in France, obtained its full-length genome sequence, and found that it does not cluster very closely neither with the isolate circulating in Alsace nor with any other isolate within the European lineage. TBEV is now a notifiable human disease in France, which should facilitate surveillance of TBEV incidence and distribution throughout France.

TBE in Croatia

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tick Species ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Notifiable Disease ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Central European ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
European Subtype

Even though tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a notifiable disease in Croatia since 2007, there are no or only limited data available on the occurring tick species in the endemic areas, on the prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) in ticks, its distribution in Croatia, and its genetic characteristics. Reporting of human cases also is very scarce. The Central European subtype of virus (TBEV-EU) appears to be present in Croatia

TBE in Moldova

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelm Erber ◽  
Tamara Vuković Janković
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Data ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus

Although there are no reliable data on the number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases or the percentage of infected ticks, based on the geography and the presence of TBE virus (TBEV) in all neighboring countries, it must be assumed that TBEV is present anywhere in Moldova.

scholarly journals Changes in Native Whey Protein Content, Gel Formation, and Endogenous Enzyme Activities Induced by Flow-Through Heat Treatments of Goat and Sheep Milk

Dairy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-421
Author(s):  
Golfo Moatsou ◽  
Ekaterini Moschopoulou ◽  
Evangelia Zoidou ◽  
Aggeliki Kamvysi ◽  
Dimitra Liaskou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Native Whey ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Water Holding

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of different flow-through heat treatments—68, 73, 78, 85, 100 °C for 16 s—applied to in-line homogenized goat and sheep milk. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in raw goat milk was 324.5 ± 47.3 μg phenol/mL, and that of lactoperoxidase (LPO) was 199.3 ± 6.7 U/L. The respective activities in raw sheep milk were 7615 ± 141 μg phenol/mL and 319 ± 38.6 U/L. LPO activity was not detected in both milk kinds treated at 85 °C for 16 s. Residual enzyme activities at 73 °C for 16 s with respect to the initial levels in raw milk were higher in goat than in sheep milk. The whey protein fraction of sheep milk was more heat sensitive compared to goat counterpart. Sheep milk rennet clotting time (RCT) was not affected by the treatments, while curd firmness decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 100 °C for 16 s. Treatments more intense than 73 °C for 16 s increased the RCT of goat milk significantly but inconsistently and decreased curd firmness significantly, while yoghurt-type gels made from 73 °C or 78 °C for 16 s treated goat milk exhibited the highest water-holding capacity.

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