Lead and cadmium in infant milk and cereal based formulae marketed in Nigeria: a probabilistic non-carcinogenic human health risk assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 303-311
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Public Health Implication ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Infant Formulae ◽  
The Mean

Background. There has been concern on the likelihood of contamination of infant formulae and consequent health risk in children. Objective. This study has assessed and compared the lead and cadmium levels in infant formulae commonly consumed in Nigeria with international regulatory limits. It has also compared the estimated daily intake with Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and Proposition 65 Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake. Material and Methods. Lead and cadmium levels in 26 different brands of infant formulae purchased from stores in Port-Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria in January 2018 were assayed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results. The lead and cadmium levels in milk based infant formulae ranged from 0.61-3.50 mg/kg and 0.01-0.55 mg/kg respectively whereas the range of the lead and cadmium levels in the cereal and cereal mix based were 0.29-1.95 mg/kg and 0.02-0.37 mg/kg, and 0.47-2.34 mg/kg and 0.001-0.46 mg/kg respectively. The mean lead level in the milk-based formulae (1.49 0.89 mg/kg) was slightly higher than other groups of formulae but the difference was not significant (p<0.05). The mean level of cadmium (0.17 mg/kg) in milk-based infant formulae was higher than levels in cereal and cereal mix but there was no significant statistical difference (p<0.05) between the samples. The lead and cadmium level in milk, cereal and cereal mixed based infant formulae were above the food safe limits. Conclusions. The consumption of infant formulae may add to the body burden of cadmium and lead of children with attendant public health implication. Regular monitoring and safety assessment of metals contamination of these infant formulae is advised.

scholarly journals Human Health Risk Assessment and Potentially Harmful Element Contents in the Fruits Cultivated in the Southern Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 5096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Berry Fruits

The presence of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in popularly consumed fruits in Poland was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb, Tl, and Zn contents were investigated in 21 fruit species grouped as berry, pome, stone, and shell fruits. The PHE contents belonged to the following ranges (mg/kg wet weight): Cd < limit of detection (LOD)–0.116, Co < LOD–0.062, Cu < LOD–15.5, Ni < LOD–2.23, Pb < LOD–2.07, Sb < LOD–0.240, Tl < LOD–0.110, and Zn 0.37–37.7. Their concentrations exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) set by European Union regulation for Pb only. Bioconcentration coefficient (BC) values, calculated in accordance to the PHE contents in exchangeable and acid soluble forms in soil after first step of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure, revealed that berry fruits had potential for accumulation of Cu, Ni, Sb, and Tl; stone fruits—Cu, Sb, and Tl; pome fruits—Cu, Ni, and Sb, and shell fruit (walnut)—Cu. Human health risk assessment associated with the intake of PHEs in fruits was evaluated in terms of daily intake rates (DIR), and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk by cancer risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ), respectively. For Pb margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used for health risk evaluation. Daily intake rates for all PHEs were below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) values. The mean total non-carcinogenic risk values were the following: berry fruits HQ = 0.47, pome fruits HQ = 0.36, stone fruits HQ = 0.42, and shell fruits (walnut) HQ = 0.22, indicating no health hazards. The carcinogenic risk for As in walnut only under an adult intake scenario (CR = 1.98 × 10−6) was found to be above the acceptable risk level. The mean Pb health risk, according to Polish statistical intake rates, was acceptable low as the MOE value was equal to 15.7 for adults. In reference to the intake rates recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), MOE values for Pb indicated acceptable low risk both for adults (MOE = 14.0) and children (MOE = 1.64). In general, the finding of this research revealed no health risk arising from PHE consumption with fruits for the population of Poland.

scholarly journals Public Health and Paediatric Risk Assessment of Aluminium, Arsenic and Mercury in Infant Formulas Marketed in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zelinjo N. Igweze ◽  
Osazuwa C. Ekhator ◽  
Ify Nwaogazie ◽  
Orish E. Orisakwe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Tolerable Daily Intake ◽  
Potentially Toxic Metals

Objectives: Infant formulas are useful alternatives to breast milk in many circumstances but may pose health risks to infants and children due to contamination by potentially toxic metals. This study aimed to determine the aluminium, arsenic and mercury concentrations and carry out an exposure health risk assessment in commonly consumed infant formulas in Nigeria. Methods: Different brands of both locally manufactured and imported infant formulas were purchased in March 2017 from stores in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Analysis of metals in the samples was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The health risk was assessed by comparing estimated daily intake of aluminium, arsenic and mercury with the provisional tolerable daily intake acceptable by the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Results: A total of 26 infant formulas were analysed. The levels of arsenic were higher in cereal-based formulas compared to milkbased formulas, but the difference was not significant (P >0.05). The intake levels of aluminium, arsenic and mercury in infant formulas were found to be 8.02–14.2%, 437.1–771% and 23.7–41.8% of the provisional tolerable daily intake JECFA threshold values, respectively. Conclusion: Commonly consumed infant formulas in Nigeria may add to the body burden of arsenic in children.Keyword: Infant Formulas; Toxicity Test; Aluminum; Arsenic; Mercury; Health Risk Appraisal; Child Health; Nigeria.

scholarly journals A Health Risk Assessment of Lead and Other Metals in Pharmaceutical Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements Containing Ginkgo biloba in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8285
Author(s):  
Patricia Rojas ◽  
Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez ◽  
Camilo Ríos ◽  
Ángel Ruiz-Chow ◽  
Aldo A. Reséndiz-Albor
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Herbal Products

The use of the medicinal plant Ginkgo biloba has increased worldwide. However, G. biloba is capable of assimilating both essential and toxic metals, and the ingestion of contaminated products can cause damage to health. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in 26 items containing Ginkgo biloba (pharmaceutical herbal products, dietary supplements, and traditional herbal remedies) purchased in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Metal analysis was performed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. All of the products were contaminated with Pb, 54% of them with As, and 81% with Cd. The lowest values of Pb, As, and Cd were detected in pharmaceutical herbal products > dietary supplements > traditional herbal remedies. The daily intake dose (DID) of pharmaceutical herbal products was within the established limits for the five metals. Dietary supplements and traditional herbal remedies exceeded the DID limits for Pb. The hazard quotients estimation and non-carcinogenic cumulative hazard estimation index for Mn, As, and Cd indicated no human health risk. Our results suggest that products containing G. biloba for sale in Mexico are not a health risk.

Arsenic Speciation in Rice, Mechanisms and Associated Health Risk Through Rice Consumption in Various Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasneem Sarwar ◽  
Sardar Khan ◽  
Said Muhammad ◽  
Javed Nawab ◽  
Shehla Amin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Rice Samples ◽  
Potential Human Health Risk ◽  
Potential Human Health

Abstract Arsenic (As) is one of the toxic metalloids therefore can cause health risk in the consumers through consumption of contaminated food and rice. The current study focused on As speciation in rice, bioavailability, mechanisms and its potential human health risk. For this purpose, rice and soil samples were collected from 16 different districts (non-mining and mining) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan). Soil physicochemical characteristic such as texture, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), pH, iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) were determined. Total arsenic (AsT) concentrations were analyzed using ICP-MS, while the arsenite (As3+), arsenate (As5+), arsenobetine (BAs), dimethylarsenic (DMA) and monomethyl arsenic (MMA) were determined by HPLC–ICP-MS method. Results showed the highest AsT (0.28 mg/kg) was observed in the rice samples of DI Khan District and lowest (0.06 mg/kg) in Shangla District. However, these findings were found within the permissible limits set by various authorities. Furthermore, results showed higher concentrations of inorganic As (Asi) than organic As (Aso) species in rice. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILTCR) were used to evaluate the potential human health risk for As consumption in rice. Results revealed that the rice samples collected from the district having mining activities had higher value of As (0.28 mg/kg of AsT) as compared to non-mining (0.072 mg/kg of AsT). The highest ILTCR value (0.00196) was observed for rice collected from mining districts. This study revealed that mining activities have great influence on the As contamination of soil and grown rice. This study recommends the soil amendment in districts having mining activities to lower As availability in soil and its bioaccumulation in growing rice that will help to keep lower the potential risk.

scholarly journals Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and commonly consumed food crops from quarry sites located at Isiagwu, Ebonyi State

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uchechi Bliss Onyedikachi ◽  
Donatus Chuka Belonwu ◽  
Mattew Owhonda Wegwu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Bioaccumulation Index

Abstract In view of ensuring healthy agricultural foods for human consumption, this study assessed the human health risk implicated in selected heavy metals in some commonly consumed vegetables, tubers, nuts and fruits grown around the quarry sites at Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Samples from agriculture area of Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria, constituted the control. The concentration of Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, and Pb, were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. The potential non-carcinogenic health risk for consumers which included Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) for Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd and Cu while carcinogenic health risk using Cancer Slope Factors (CSF) was established for Cd and Pb. Relative abundance of heavy metals across the locations and all samples was in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. There was statistical significant effect of quarrying activities on the concentration of the heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd) at p < 0.05 level. Based on the observed bioconcentration factors, cassava showed more hyperaccumulation potential compared to other samples. Pumpkin and bitter leaf also could be used in remediation owing to their high bioaccumulation index for Pb and Zn. THQ obtained for Mn and Pb were >1 indicating that the residents at the quarry site may be exposed to potential non-carcinogenic health risk due to Mn and Pb intoxication. With respect to US EPA prescriptions, average carcinogenic risk values obtained for Pb and Cd in this study indicated a lifetime (70 years) probability of contracting cancer suggesting that they be placed for further consideration as chemicals of concern with respect to the assessed locals.

Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Various Types of Rice and Barley Samples in Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1007-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIYALUK SINPHITHAKKUL ◽  
AMNART POAPOLATHEP ◽  
NARUMOL KLANGKAEW ◽  
KANJANA IMSILP ◽  
ANTONIO F. LOGRIECO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Safe Procedure ◽  
Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Ionization Source ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination

ABSTRACT The prevalence of mycotoxins is often increased by climatic conditions prevailing in tropical regions. Therefore, consumers in tropical countries such as Thailand have a higher risk of mycotoxin exposure. Existing reports have revealed mycotoxin contamination in rice. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in barley and nine types of rice sold in Thailand and to assess consumer health risk. A total of 300 samples collected from various markets in Thailand were analyzed for the presence of 16 mycotoxins using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. Of the 300 samples, 124 (41.33%) were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin, and 38.71% of the mycotoxin-positive samples were simultaneously contaminated with more than one toxin. The incidence of mycotoxin contamination differed among the rice and barley samples. Beauvericin, diacetoxyscirpenol, zearalenone, and aflatoxins were the most frequently found mycotoxins. However, the concentrations of regulated mycotoxins were below the regulatory limits. The assessed mycotoxin exposure does not represent a health risk for Thai consumers because the estimated exposure concentrations were lower than the tolerable daily intake values established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. However, our findings suggest that continued monitoring of mycotoxin contamination in rice and barley and concomitant risk assessments are warranted. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Human Health Risk Assessment of Consuming Heavy Metals in Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) from Different Markets in Port Harcourt, Rivers State

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
The People ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Rivers State

Food safety is of great concern in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria because of its pollution levels. Shell fish is one of the major diets of the people of Rivers State and they affect a large market and customer target in the region. This study was aimed at assessing the human health risk from consuming oysters bought from different markets in Rivers State namely; Creek Road market Borokiri, Mile 3 Market and Choba Market while Oysters harvested from ARAC (Buguma) were used as control. Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Nickel (Ni) were analysed in all samples using the Atomic absorption spectrometer. Cobalt had the highest concentration in all the samples from the markets except Mile 3 market, it ranged from 0.011-0.014mg/kg, while Lead ranged from 0.007-0.012 mg/kg, Chromium ranged from 0.008-0.010 mg/kg, Nickel ranged from 0.008-0.021 mg/kg and Cadmium ranged from 0.001-0.007mg/kg .The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of these metals were calculated, Target Human Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) derived. EDI values were within tolerable limit. THQ and HI calculated indicated likely risk from oyster consumption since the values obtained were above the threshold of one (1) for lead, Cobalt and Cadmium, long term consumption may lead to health risk.

scholarly journals The concentration and health risk of potentially toxic elements in black and green tea—both bagged and loose-leaf

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-150
Author(s):  
Ali Heshmati ◽  
Freshteh Mehri ◽  
Javad Karami-Momtaz ◽  
Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), among 160 samples of black and green tea—both bagged and loose-leaf—in Iran was determined using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GF-AAS). Besides, the transfer rate of PTEs from made tea into tea infusion was investigated, and the related health risk for consumers was assessed. According to the results, the content of the PTEs is dependent on the type of tea (black or green), the place of cultivation (Iran or India), and the supplied form (both bagged and loose-leaf). The concentration of Pb, Cd, and As in green tea was significantly lower than black tea (P-value < 0.05). On the other hand, the contents of Zn and Cu in green tea were higher than the corresponding values for black tea. The mean concentration of Pb, As, and Zn in bagged tea samples was significantly higher than those of loose-leaf tea, while the Cd and As levels in Iranian tea samples were significantly lower than the Indian samples. Generally speaking, the mean concentration of Pb, Cd, As, Zn, and Cu were 0.59 ± 0.12, 0.12 ± 0.06, 0.16 ± 0.12, 14.23 ± 4.90, and 11.10 ± 2.49 mg kg?1, respectively. The mean transfer rates of Pb, Cd, As, Zn, and Cu were 7.78, 6.29, 9.27, 12.91, and 13.08%, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and noncarcinogenic quotient (target hazard quotient [THQ]) due to the ingestion of PTEs besides the carcinogenic risk of As and Cd were considered as acceptable.

scholarly journals Assessment of exposure to nickel intake with selected cereal grains and cereal-based products

2020 ◽  
pp. 371-376
Author(s):  
Monika Mania ◽  
Małgorzata Rebeniak ◽  
Oksana Orshulyak ◽  
Jacek Postupolski
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
European Food Safety Authority ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
The Mean

Background. Cereal grains and their products are among the basic components of the diet all over the world. Their consumption varies depending on the dietary habits in each country. Apart from ingredients valuable from a health point of view, these products can also be a source of contaminants. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) included these foodstuffs in the group of main contributors to the dietary exposure to nickel by different groups of the population. Objective. The aim of the studies was to determine the nickel content in cereal grains and selected cereal products commercially available in Poland and to assess the exposure of consumers to nickel intake with these foodstuffs. Material and methods. A total of 56 samples of cereal grain and cereal products from trade were tested. Nickel content was determined after microwave mineralization of the samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace atomization (GFAAS). The estimated exposure for the different groups of the population was assessed and compared with the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) value established by the European Food Safety Authority based on an updated risk assessment at 13 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day. Results. The mean (MB) and 95th percentile (MB) nickel content in investigated samples of cereal grains and their products were 0.66 mg/kg and 1.93 mg/kg. The mean content of Ni in the analyzed samples of grains was 1.16 mg/kg. Obtained results in this group of products ranged from 0.10 mg/kg for rye to 4.80 mg/kg for millet. In the group of grain products, the mean (MB) concentration of nickel was 0.61 mg/kg (95th percentile (MB) 1.84 mg/kg). The highest nickel level was determined in the samples of bran, groats, and flakes compared to other grain-based products. The highest content of Ni in the group of cereal products was found in the samples of roasted buckwheat 1.81 mg/kg and oat flakes 2.53 mg/kg. Significantly lower nickel content was observed in barley groats as well as for pasta and flour. The estimated average exposure of adults and children to nickel intake with grains and grain-based products ranged from 1.1% to 13.4% of TDI and it does not pose a health risk for consumers. Conclusions. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the nickel content in the tested samples of cereals and their products does not pose a health risk, even though the contamination of individual samples was significant.

scholarly journals Consumption Safety in Relation to Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Periwinkles (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Obtained from Ogbia in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miebaka Moslen ◽  
Chioma Hope Adiela
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Accumulation Of Metals

The study assessed human health risk and accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and Zn) in periwinkles (Tympanotonus fuscatus) obtained from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Samples were collected for six months on a monthly basis. The samples were digested according to the method described by Association of official analytical chemists and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Temporal variations in metal concentrations were observed with values (mgkg−1) ranging as follows Pb (2.34–6.7), Ni (0.55–2.28), Zn (0.55–11.66), Cr (0.74–3.65), Cu (1.15–3.91) and Cd (0.22–1.06). Variation in metal concentration was significantly different (p < 0.05) with metals such as Pb, Ni and Cd found to be above their respective FAO/WHO permissible limits. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of all metals examined was less than their respective reference oral doses (RFD). The target hazard quotient (THQ) non-carcinogenic and the hazard index (HI) of metals were < 1 while the hazard quotient carcinogenic (HQ) ranged between 10−6 – 10−4. The study therefore concluded gradual accumulation of metals and minimal health risk due to consumption of contaminated periwinkles in the study area.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document