scholarly journals Artificial Reefs and People: How We Create Them and How They Affect Us

EDIS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Lisa Chong ◽  
Keith Mille ◽  
Holly Abeels ◽  
Victor Blanco ◽  
Ed Camp
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
The World

Artificial reefs are constructed to provide several important ecosystem services to coastal communities and fisheries around the world, and their deployment results in significant socio-ecological and economic effects. To understand these effects, this document gives an overview of the agencies and people involved in the use of artificial reefs, how the implementation of these reefs influences their perception, and what issues are associated with their deployment. This document also specifically describes the process by which most artificial reefs are implemented in Florida. While there is extensive research on ecological aspects of artificial reefs and reef fish, there is a need for more research on the effects of the implementation of artificial reefs on humans and the coastal communities and how their respective experiences and perceptions influence artificial reef and fisheries management actions and involvement.

scholarly journals Reef Fishes Colonization Rate Around Artificial Reef in Putus-putus Island, South-East Minahasa District

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Laurentius T. X. Lalamentik ◽  
Unstain N. W. J. Rembet ◽  
Adnan S. Wantasen
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Colonization Rate ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Number Of Individuals

A comprehensive research effort was directed to increase the ecological role of Putus-Putus island coral reefs. This study was an implementation of artificial reef technology as fish colonization locality. The artificial reefs were made of 20x20x100 cm-concrete blocks placed in 6 levels and located at the depth of 8-10 m. Reef fish observations were done three times in two locations. Environmental parameters, such as temperature, salinity and visibility, were also measured. Environmental parameters (temperature, salinity a. Water temperature (29.65oC and 29.64oC) supported the coral growth as well. Salinity distribution  was not significantly different among the study sites.  This study also found 37 reef fish species belonging to 18 families. Number of species varied with observed time and localities. Total number of individuals increased with number of fish species. Mean number of individuals and species of reef fish in locality B were higher than those in locality A. Moreover, the reef fish colonization rate in the study site followed the model y = 4.3801e0.5249x with R2= 0.9297 in the strait and y = 5.0397e0.5493x  with R2= 0.9297 for the Bay. Keywords: Artificial reefs, reef fish. Abstrak Suatu upaya penelitian yang komprehensif diarahkan untuk peningkatan fungsi ekologi terumbu karang Pulau Putus-Putus. Penelitian ini berupa penerapan teknologi terumbu buatan sebagai tempat hunian ikan. Terumbu buatan terbuat dari balok cor beton berukuran 20x20x100 cm bersusun 6 dan ditempatkan pada kedalaman 8-10 m. Pengamatan ikan karang dilakukan 3 kali di 2 lokasi berbeda. Parameter lingkungan, seperti suhu, salinitas, dan kecerahan, juga diukur.    Hasil pengukuran yang diperoleh (29,65 oC dan 29,64 oC) termasuk suhu yang optimal untuk pertumbuhan karang. Dari hasil penelitian, ditemukan 37 spesies yang masuk dalam 18 famili ikan karang. Jumlah spesies yang ditemukan bervariasi pada setiap waktu dan lokasi pengamatan. Pengambilan spesies ikan karang dilakukan pada 2 lokasi dengan masing-masing lokasi dilakukan 3 kali pengambilan sampel. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh (tabel 03) dapat dilihat bahwa jumlah individu bertambah seiring dengan banyaknya jumlah spesies ikan karang yang didapat. Rata-rata jumlah individu dan jumlah spesies ikan karang pada lokasi B lebih banyak. Laju hunian ikan karang di lokasi penelitian mengikuti model y = 4.3801e0.5249x dengan R2= 0,9297 untuk lokasi Selat dan y = 5.0397e0.5493x  dengan R2= 0,9297 untuk lokasi Teluk. Kata kunci : Terumbu buatan, ikan karang

scholarly journals Coral Fishes At Artificial Reef In Bunaken National Park Arakan, South Minahasa Regency

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Riezky H. S. Wuwumbene ◽  
Ari B. Rondonuwu ◽  
Victor N. R. Watung
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Coral Reef Fish ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Visual Census ◽  
Reef Fish Species ◽  
The Village

Artificial reefs already placed in the coast of the village of Arakan, South Minahasa regency since June 2015. Artificial reef, that would be the location of research are concrete and iron, mostly be the medium of coral transplantation. The pupose of the research are (1). To know the species coral reef fish (2). To know the number of each species and the density of the coral reef fish (3). To know the structure of coral reef fish communities. Data retrieval be done use with Visual Census Method in the 51 squaremeter area (lenght = 8,5 m, width = 6 m). This research find 15 families with 29 coral reef fish species and 1341  individual. The diversity index of artificial reefs with moderate diversity index and relative abudance is found in species Dascyllus trimaculatus 34,731 %,  Plotosus lineatus 21,593 %, and Dascyllus reticulatus 21,174 %.Keywords: Artificial reef, Community Structure, Arakan. ABSTRAKTerumbu buatan sudah diletakan pada perairan desa Arakan Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan pada bulan Juni 2015. Terumbu buatan yang menjadi lokasi penelitian berjenis beton dan besi, model yang terbuat dari besi lebih banyak diarahkan sebagai media transplantasi karang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Mengetahui kekayaan spesies ikan karang (2) Mengetahui kelimpahan individu dan kepadatan relatif ikan karang (3) Mengetahui struktur komunitas ikan karang. Pegambilan data dilakukan menggunakan metode Sensus Visual dengan luas pengamatan pada terumbu buatan  seluas 51 m2 (panjang = 8,5 meter dan lebar = 6 meter). Penelitian ini menemukan 15 famili dengan 29 spesies ikan karang dan kelimpahan individu total 1341 individu. Indeks keanekaragaman di daerah terumbu buatan dengan nilai indeks keanegaraman yang sedang dengan indeks dominasi rendah dan kelimpahan relatif terdapat pada spesies Dascyllus trimaculatus dengan nilai 34,731 %, Plotosus lineatus dengan nilai 21,593 %, dan Dascyllus reticulatus dengan nilai 21,174 %.Kata Kunci : Terumbu Buatan, Struktur Komunitas, Arakan.

Marine Artificial Reef Research and Development: Integrating Fisheries Management Objectives

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Red Snapper ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Lutjanus Campechanus ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vermilion Snapper

<em>Abstract</em>.—Reef-fish assemblage structure was compared among multiple artificial and geologic (i.e., naturally occurring hard bottom) habitats in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico during 2014–2016 as part of a larger fishery-independent survey. Baited remote underwater video systems equipped with stereo cameras were deployed (<em>n </em>= 348) on 11 habitat types, classified through interpretation of side-scan sonar imagery. In the video samples, 11,801 fish were enumerated. Nonparametric analysis of reef-fish assemblages detected four clusters related to habitat; assemblages associated with geologic habitats were distinct, whereas the remaining three clusters represented groupings of artificial habitats of different size, scale, and complexity. While many species, including Vermilion Snapper <em>Rhomboplites aurorubens </em>and Red Snapper <em>Lutjanus campechanus</em>, were observed in greater numbers on artificial reef habitats, most species were observed in all habitats sampled. Among artificial reef habitats, the habitat cluster consisting of unidentified depressions, unidentified artificial reefs, construction materials, and reef modules was similar to geologic habitats in supporting larger individuals, specifically Gray Triggerfish <em>Balistes capriscus </em>and Red Snapper. In contrast, the habitat cluster consisting of smaller, generally solitary chicken-transport cages was inhabited by smaller individuals, including smaller Red Snapper. Although geologic reefs are the predominant reef habitat throughout much of the eastern Gulf, artificial reefs are important locally, especially in the Florida Panhandle. Accordingly, continued incorporation of artificial reef habitats within large-scale fishery-independent monitoring efforts is critical to the accurate assessment of the status of reef-fish stocks on broad spatial scales.

Marine Artificial Reef Research and Development: Integrating Fisheries Management Objectives

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Fine Sediments ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
Continental Shelves ◽  
Fractal Characteristics ◽  
Natural Reefs

<em>Abstract</em>.—This paper focuses on interactions between reefs, fisheries, and their management and discusses the relationship between reef fish and their habitat. Hard bottom is much less extensive than fine sediments on most continental shelves but supports epifauna/flora as cover for reef fish and serves as habitat for their prey species. Corals, epifauna, and macroflora on natural reefs function as feeding, shelter, and aggregation sites and often have fractal characteristics. Size frequencies of catches from unfished banks may reflect the aggregate of crevice size spectra present, and this influences growth and natural mortality rates at size. It is suggested that migration is initiated when juvenile fish outgrow cover in nursery areas, which only offered predator protection at smaller sizes. Juveniles are then forced to move further offshore where cover for protecting larger reef fishes is often more available. Large cavities are rare on most natural outcrops or reefs, but these attract large fish and artificial reefs are often designed to have large cavities needed by mature reef fishes. Once artificial reefs are located by fishermen, large, resident fishes are readily captured. Unless some offshore reefs or refugia are protected, spawning potential could be affected.

Marine Artificial Reef Research and Development: Integrating Fisheries Management Objectives

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Marine Engineering ◽  
Design And Construction

<em>Abstract</em>.—Research and development (R&D) on the design and construction of artificial reefs in Malaysia was initiated by researchers from the Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Fisheries Malaysia (DoFM) based in Penang in 1975. Initially, R&D only focused on simple designs and construction using discarded tires, wooden fishing boats, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, reinforced concrete, and ceramic sewerage pipe. These reefs were used in fisheries management to maximize resource enhancement, resource conservation, and habitat rehabilitation and mitigation, as well as being an aid to alleviate the problem of depleting fish resources in coastal waters. However, in 2006, the DoFM made a major policy change in the design and construction materials of artificial reefs in the country. The focus was to construct large, heavy, and robust artificial reefs using durable materials such as reinforced concrete and steel to deter the encroachment of destructive fishing gears, especially trawlers, along the coastal and in marine protected areas. These new artificial reefs addressed several issues, such as fish behavior, target species, physical oceanography, and marine engineering, in their design. The reinforced concrete artificial reefs were built according to the British Standard 8110 under the supervision of officers from the Engineering Division and Research Division of the DoFM. Presently, the DoFM has designed 21 types of artificial reefs that have been deployed at 130 selected locations in Malaysia. This paper reviews the progress of R&D on the design and construction of artificial reefs using tires, wooden fishing boats, reinforced concrete, PVC pipe, ceramic materials, and steel in Malaysia between 1975 and 2017.

Distinguishing resident from transient species along marine artificial reefs

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 1297-1303
Author(s):  
Etienne Boisnier ◽  
Tatsuyuki Sagawa ◽  
Teruhisa Komatsu ◽  
Norimasa Takagi
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Fish Assemblage ◽  
Efficient Solution ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Transient Species ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Reef Fish Assemblage ◽  
Long Time

Even if artificial reef studies heavily refer to the distinction between resident and transient species, there is still no widely-shared available method to distinguish objectively these two groups. Such an absence makes any comparison between studies difficult. This study aims to test whether the four objective distinction methods successfully applied to a 21-year-long time-series on fish assemblage in an English estuary may be as successful when applied to marine artificial reefs. For such a purpose, we tested each distinction tool separately with reference to four different artificial reef fish assemblage datasets. Three of them were drawn from the literature. Results indicate that none of these tools, used either individually or collectively, provide an efficient solution to distinguish resident species for the four datasets considered. We suggest that one of the major reasons for this failure may lie in the relative sampling size. Nonetheless, as these four datasets are representative of the datasets generally reported in the literature, tools capable of distinguishing reliably and efficiently resident from transient species along artificial reefs have yet to be developed. However, such a development requires fish residence to be previously and accurately defined by artificial reef scientists and managers.

Red Snapper: Ecology and Fisheries in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Site Fidelity ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Red Snapper ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Fish Biomass ◽  
Lutjanus Campechanus

<em>Abstract.</em>—Red snapper, <em>Lutjanus campechanus</em>, (<em>n </em>= 4,317) were captured and tagged at 14 experimental artificial reefs of two designs during quarterly research cruises (<em>n </em>= 17) off coastal Alabama between January 1999 and October 2002. Six-hundred and twenty nine recaptures were reported, representing 578 tagged red snapper. Sixty-five percent of recaptures (<em>n </em>= 412) were made at the site of release on subsequent research cruises, while 217 recaptures were reported by fishers. Eighty-six percent of individuals with known recapture locations moved 2 km or less from the site of release; mean and maximum distances moved were 2.1 km and 201 km, respectively. Nine red snapper moved greater than 80 km. Mean dispersion rate from release sites was 8.6 m d<sup>⁻1</sup>. Annual site fidelity of tagged fish was estimated using nonlinear decay models. Estimated annual site fidelity ranged from 48% to 52% year<sup>⁻1</sup> and was not significantly affected by artificial reef design, reef fish biomass at the site of release, or artificial reef densities surrounding each tagging site. Growth rates were estimated by regressing the change in red snapper total length versus the days a fish was at liberty. Mean growth rate for all recaptured fish was 0.206 mm d<sup>⁻1</sup>. Growth rates were significantly affected by reef size (faster at larger experimental reefs) and reef fish biomass (slower at tagging sites supporting low reef fish biomass), but were not affected by artificial reef density. Moderate site fidelity and low dispersion rates during our study provide support for the hypothesis that artificial reefs off Alabama are suitable habitat for adult red snapper. However, characteristics of artificial reefs, such as reef size and standing stock biomass, may affect red snapper growth. Furthermore, ratios of instantaneous growth in weight to total mortality (<EM>G/Z</EM>) suggest artificial reefs off Alabama serve as net sinks (i.e., <EM>G/Z </EM>< 1) of red snapper biomass under current fishing mortality rates.

scholarly journals Reef vision: A citizen science program for monitoring the fish faunas of artificial reefs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Florisson ◽  
James Tweedley ◽  
Tim Walker ◽  
Jennifer A. Chaplin
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Impact Monitoring ◽  
The World ◽  
Video Systems ◽  
And Performance

There has been a marked increase in the number of artificial reefs being deployed around the world, many of which are designed to increase catches of recreationally-targeted fish species. As artificial reef deployments should be accompanied by clear and measurable goals and thus subsequent environmental impact monitoring and performance evaluation, there is a need to develop cost-effective monitoring programs. This study provides proof of concept for a citizen science approach to monitoring the fish faunas of artificial reefs (Reef Vision). Recreational fishers were recruited to collect video samples using Baited Remote Underwater Video systems and submit the resultant footage for analysis and interpretation by professional scientists. Reef Vision volunteers were able to collect enough data of sufficient quality to monitor the Bunbury and Dunsborough artificial reefs in Geographe Bay, south-western Australia. Data were extracted from the footage and used in robust univariate and multivariate analyses, which determined that a soak time of 45 min was sufficient to capture ≥ 95% of the number of species, abundance, diversity and composition of the fish fauna. The potential for these data to detect differences in the characteristics of the fish fauna between reefs and seasons was also investigated and confirmed. With the continuing deployment of artificial reefs around the world, the use of similar cost-effective citizen science monitoring approaches can help determine the effectiveness of these structures in achieving their aims and goals and provide valuable data for researchers, managers and decision makers. Projects such as Reef Vision can also benefit volunteers and communities by enhancing social values, creating ownership over research projects and fostering stewardship of aquatic resources.

Marine Artificial Reef Research and Development: Integrating Fisheries Management Objectives

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Hard Substrates

<em>Abstract</em>.—It is well known that offshore gas and oil extraction platforms act as artificial reefs that create a haven for finfish species. Being attracted to hard substrates, fish schools usually aggregate around the jackets or legs of the platforms where they are afforded some protection from predators and benefit from high concentrations of prey and smaller organisms foraging in the area. However, even though higher fish densities are reported near the structures, behavior and movements of fish schools around the platforms have not yet been properly investigated.

Reef fisheries and reef aquaculture

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. C. Sheppard ◽  
Simon K. Davy ◽  
Graham M. Pilling ◽  
Nicholas A. J. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Alternative Food Sources ◽  
Fish Trade ◽  
Reef Ecosystem

Fisheries are of key importance in provision of protein, livelihood opportunities and income to islanders and coastal populations with few alternative food sources, including some of the world’s poorest people. The variety of reef fisheries for reef-associated invertebrates and vertebrates around the world is examined. Fishing methods used and particular issues with these fisheries are discussed. Exploitation of reef resources also occurs to supply luxury food markets and hobbies related to aquaria, and the international live reef fish trade is highlighted. The development of reef-based aquaculture is examined, and issues that need to be addressed to deliver sustainable expansion of this approach are discussed. In the face of increasing pressures on reef resources from a number of sources, resultant impacts on reef renewable resources and the reef ecosystem are detailed, and potential ways in which fisheries management may control these pressures are described.

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