scholarly journals Tinjauan Syariah Multi Level Marketing

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendri Tanjung
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Direct Selling ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Ethical Position ◽  
Multi Level

Abstract: Multi Level Marketing is a method or technique of multi-level marketing and use direct selling approach. The uniqueness of this system lies in the distribution of its products will not be found in shops, supermarkets and stalls. Products obtained through direct distributors that are mainly individuals. But in the run still leaves some problems, especially in view of sharia, such as how the halal products, how the validity of the agreement, if it is appropriate reward with his work, how the ethical position of MLM, how the rule of law, as well as how to modify them in accordance with sharia.Keywords: MLM, Marketing, ShariaAbstrak: Multi Level Marketing adalah metode atau teknik pemasaran berjenjang dan memakai pendekatan direct selling. Keunikan sistem ini terletak pada distribusi produknya yang tidak akan dijumpai di toko-toko, swalayan dan warung-warung. Produk diperoleh melalui distributor langsung yang umumnya berupa pribadi-pribadi. Akan tetapi dalam menjalankannya masih meninggalkan beberapa permasalahan, khususnya dalam pandangan syariah, seperti bagaimana kehalalan produknya, bagaimana keabsahan akadnya, sudah sesuaikah imbalan dengan kerjanya, bagaimana posisi etis/akhlak MLM, bagaimana kaidah hukumnya, serta bagaimana memodifikasinya agar sesuai syariah.Kata Kunci: Multi Level Marketing, Pemasaran, Syariah

scholarly journals Multi-level Approaches to Countering Unconstitutional Changes of Government in Africa: Implications for the Rule of Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-484
Author(s):  
Theresa Reinold
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Single Case ◽  
National Level ◽  
Global Level ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Road ◽  
Common Purpose ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

This article assesses the impact of multi-level approaches to the problem of unconstitutional changes of government (UCGs) on the rule of law at the national and global level. Based on a single-case study of the 2016 Gambian UCG, this article concludes that multi-level governance tends to strengthen the rule of law at the national level, but only if certain conditions are met. These include an agreement about the rules of the road regulating how the different layers of governance interact – subsidiarity v. precedence for organizations from higher levels of governance – and the definition of a common purpose. Such unity of purpose is easier to attain if the (geo)political stakes of a crisis are relatively low, the prospects of success of a military intervention high, and if the perpetrators of the UCG have forfeited their legitimacy both locally and globally. This prevents them from exploiting institutional rivalries and shrinks their space for diplomatic manoeuvre and thus their ability to use forum shopping for their benefit. If these conditions are met, then multi-level responses to UCG will strengthen the rule of law at the domestic level, while at the same time potentially undermining the rule of law at the global level.

scholarly journals Shared Tasks, but Separated Controls: Building the System of Control for Shared Administration in an EU Multi-Jurisdictional Setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-553
Author(s):  
Miroslava SCHOLTEN
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Governance Structures ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Public Power ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Eu

In order to address “wicked problems”, complex, multi-level governance structures must be established. These structures in turn require sophisticated systems of controls over public power to safeguard the rule of law. This seems to have been ignored in EU legislative practice and relevant research. This article argues that future research and legislative design of controls over public power in the EU need to be guided by the principle of connecting, aligning and making interplay between relevant concepts, institutions, procedures and scopes of different types of control belonging to the many jurisdictions, whose actors are involved in the executing of (shared) tasks in the EU. Connecting the disciplines that study these issues is a necessary prerequisite to this endeavour.

scholarly journals A closer look at the corporate governance in Lebanon: A call for a bottom-up reform

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireille Chidiac El Hajj
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Five Axes ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Missed Opportunity

Successful governance of a country requires sustainable development, the benefit of future generations, clear assignment of roles and responsibilities, accountability of decision-making, accuracy and transparency of information, sound performance and the rule of Law. It is built upon cooperation and participation between its government, its institutions and its citizens. The slow pace of establishing these governance priorities and the inability of any government, such as the Lebanese, to formulate and implement sound legal and institutional policies, plus the lack of awareness of corporate governance, as people remain attached to their old traditional ways of managing their companies, are critical challenges to any good governance effort and to any reform. The purpose of this study is to shed light on the urge to rethink governance and institutional change in Lebanon. Based on five axes, a multimodal design helped us investigate and tackle the Lebanese multi-level CG Bundles. The study found that in a complex social context, such as Lebanon, shifting to a new standpoint requires different factors. A new and sound Lebanese economic model coupled with proper governance and stability in the country may emerge from a bottom-up reform, if well implemented. The challenge is to find if this may be another missed opportunity.

Changing the rule of law

IEE Review ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Clifford Gray
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The Rule Of Law

Changing the rule of law

IEE Review ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
H. Aspden
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The Rule Of Law
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